BLY 350 Exam 2 Material
Click and drag on elements in order Place the structures in order from largest to smallest subunit. Instructions fascicle fiber myofilament globular actin myofibril
1. fascicle 2. fiber 3. myofibril 4. myofilament 5. globular actin
Put the auditory ossicles in order, from tympanic membrane to oval window: stapes incus malleus
1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
How many neurons are in the somatesthetic pathway from the skin to the postcentral gyrus?
3
There are close to _____ genes that functionally code for olfactory receptor proteins in humans.
400
What is a motor unit?
A neuron and the muscle fibers it synapses with
What is the motor end plate?
A specialized part of the sarcolemma near the neuromuscular junction
Which tastes can be sensed by the anterior central part of the tongue?
All parts of the tongue can sense all five tastes
inner layer of eye white layer pink layer
Blank 1: vitreous Blank 2: sclera Blank 3: choroid or retina
Chemoreceptor
Carbon dioxide
What is the thin connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber within a fascicle?
Endomysium
What is the fibrous connective tissue sheath that extends around the muscle?
Epimysium
What are the columns of muscle produced by the extension of the epimysium into the body of the muscle called?
Fascicles
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the fovea centralis? It is surrounded by the macula lutea. It is a tiny pit in the retina. It is also known as the blind spot. The image is focused on the fovea when a person looks directly at an object.
It is also known as the blind spot.
What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ?
K+
_____ motor neurons are somatic motor neurons with cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord and axons that travel within the nerves to stimulate the skeletal muscle.
Lower
What is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fascicle?
Perimysium
Each muscle fiber is enveloped by a thin connective tissue layer called the
Skeletal muscle
On which area of the body would the two-point touch threshold test yield the shortest distance between perceived sensations?
Skin on the 2nd fingertip
What do the following senses have in common? Touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.
They are cutaneous sensations
Where are taste buds mostly found?
Tongue
Nociceptor
a burn on the skin
The perimysium is ______.
a connective tissue sheath around each fascicle
A muscle fiber is ______.
a single cell
The sarcolemma surrounds ______.
a single muscle cell
Thermoreceptor
an open stove
Nociceptors are sensory receptors specialized to respond to:
any stimulus that injures tissues
Lower motor neurons: facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord are interneurons in the brain
are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord
proprioceptor
body position
While both _____ muscle in the heart and _____ muscle tissue in the blood vessels are capable of initiating contraction on their own, _____ muscle tissue must be stimulated by motor neurons in groups called motor units.
cardiac; smooth; skeletal
Olfactory receptor neurons synapse with neurons of the olfactory bulb in the ____________ .
cerebral cortex
chemoreceptor
chemical
Each olfactory receptor neuron has a dendrite that projects into the nasal cavity where it ends in a bulb containing
cilia
The epimysium is ______.
connective tissue and tendons
The fascicles are ______.
connective tissue that divides the body of a muscle
When reading a book, the ciliary muscle will __________, the suspensory ligament will __________, and the lens will become more __________.
contract; loosen; rounded
Light first passes through the _____ to enter the anterior chamber
cornea
Pressure and pain are considered _____ types of sensations.
cutaneous
Pressure and pain are considered types of _____ sensations.
cutaneous
Hair cells located on the basilar membrane are stimulated by __________.
different pitches of sound
mechanoreceptor
distortion of cell membrane
The connective tissue sheath indicated by the arrow is called the
epimysium
Taste and olfactory receptors are: interoceptors exteroceptors
exteroceptors
Upper motor neurons: Multiple select question. are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are interneurons in the brain
facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are interneurons in the brain
High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea. (T/F)
false
Light causes Na+ channels in rods to close, causing hyperpolarization, and the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter to bipolar cells. (T/F)
false
The farther an object is from the eye, the rounder the lens will be. (T/F)
false
Yesterday, the fish your roommate cooked created a strong smell in the kitchen. When he cooked it again today, it was not as noticeable. This adaptation to the smell is due to tonic receptors. (T/F)
false
The muscle _____ are columns of muscle tissue that are formed by the extension of the epimysium into the body of the muscle.
fascicles
A cell in skeletal muscle is also called a muscle
fiber
The loudness of a sound is coded by the __________.
frequency of action potentials
The rounded structures in which the synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and neurons of the olfactory bulb occur are called
glomeruli
The umami sensation is stimulated by the amino acid _____.
glutamate or aspartate
Photoreceptor
green traffic light
The tympanic membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it. This moves the malleus, which moves the _____, which then moves the stapes, which then presses on the oval window of the inner ear.
incus
Among chemoreceptors, the category that can detect changes in the extracellular fluid is considered
interoceptors
Select all that apply Myosin ______. Multiple select question. is an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine is a protein involved in muscle contraction is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere
is a protein involved in muscle contraction makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere
The contraction of smooth muscle cells: Multiple select question. is slow and sustained is all or none is quick and of short duration is graded dependent upon the concentration of calcium
is slow and sustained is graded dependent upon the concentration of calcium
The contractions of smooth muscle are slow and sustained due to their ability to enter a _____ state where less ATP is hydrolyzed.
latch
Receptive fields that do not receive a strong stimulation will help sharpen the sensation by
lateral inhibition
After light passes through the pupil, it enters the:
lens
photoreceptor
light
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates is called a(n)
m
Vision may be affected by a number of age-related changes. A disorder that may develop as a result of these changes, which directly affects the retina, is __________.
macular degeneration
The neuromuscular junction includes the ______.
motor end plate
Which of the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle? Multiple select question. uninucleate multinucleate intercalated disks branched fibers striated
multinucleate striated
Each myofibril contains smaller subunits called _____ that are made up of actin and myosin.
myofilaments
The A band in muscle is predominantly ______.
myosin in thick filaments
Sensory receptors that sense tissue damage are known as, _____ or pain receptors.
nociceptors
The receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the
olfactory epithelium.
Which are cells found in the olfactory epithelium? olfactory receptors simple squamous epithelium supporting cells stratified squamous epithelium stem cells
olfactory receptors supporting cells stem cells
Each glomerulus receives input from _____ type(s) of olfactory receptors.
one
Each taste cell can sense ____ type(s) of taste: salty, sweet, sour, bitter and umami.
one
Olfactory receptors contain _____ type(s) of odorant receptor(s).
one
Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that respond to stimuli _____ of the body, while interoceptors respond to stimuli _____ of the body.
outside; inside
Rods and cones are categorized as _____-receptors
photo
The muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are part of the _____ category of receptors.
proprioceptor
Somatesthetic senses include cutaneous receptors and _____.
proprioceptors
A pain arising from a visceral organ that is felt in a particular somatic position is __________.
referred pain
A(n) ______ is an involuntary, stereotypical reaction to a specific stimuli.
reflex
Even voluntary muscle can contract unconsciously in a _____, which is a response to a stereotypical or learned stimulus.
reflex
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is also called the
sarcolemma
The white outer tissue of the eye is the ______.
sclera
Pain, touch, pressure and thermoreception are all types of ______ senses.
somatesthetic
The five major categories of taste are salty, _____, umami, sweet, and ______.
sour; bitter
Skeletal muscle
striated, innervated in motor units, multinucleate
Cardiac muscle
striated, myogenic, intercalated disks
The supporting cells of the olfactory apparatus are called _____ cells.
sustentacular
Gustation is also known as the sense of
taste
Gustation is the sense of ______.
taste
thermoreceptor
temperature
Damage to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex may interfere with __________.
the ability to feel the touch of a feather on the skin
Which are characteristics of taste buds? Multiple select question. they consist of many specialized epithelial cells they remain bathed in saliva they have microvilli that extend through a pore each taste bud is composed of one taste cell with microvilli
they consist of many specialized epithelial cells they remain bathed in saliva they have microvilli that extend through a pore
Mechanoreceptor
touch of a feather
cutaneous
touch, temperature and pain
The greater the receptor density, the greater the sensory acuity. (T/F)
true
The eardrum is also known as the _____ membrane.
tympanic
Smooth muscle
unstriated, no sarcomeres, myogenic
Interneurons in the brain that contribute axons to descending motor tracts and act as facilitators and inhibitors to lower motor neurons are called _____ motor neurons.
upper
The nerves departing the inner ear include the cochlear and the _____ nerves.
vestibular
special sense
vision, hearing, taste