BNS EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
How does spinal reflex work?
sensory neurons do not pass into the brain, rather they meet with other spinal neurons all the way down the spinal cord to allow for faster reflexes and avoid delays in the brain
What are the layers of the meninges?
1. Dura Mater: outer, THICC MOTHER****ER 2. Arachnoid: WEB, middle child, blood vessels run through 3. Pia Mater: literally plastic wrap for the brain
monism
the mind and the body are one
What is the meninges?
These are three connective tissue membranes protecting the CNS
What is the threshold of excitation?
"point of no return" at which an AP is generated, reverses membrane potential
comparative neuroscience
using animal research to compare to human body to find out something about human research
voltage measures _____ mv inside with respect to the outside
-70
What are the rights of human subjects?
-cannot coerce into study -no excessive benefit -informed consent -freedom to leave -confidentiality -follow-up
What are the important facts regarding the spinal chord?
-there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves -divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal divisions -contains gray matter (cell bodies) and white matter (fatty nerve fibers)
What are the steps of action potential?
1. Na+ gated channels open on axon hillock (threshold of excitation) 2. Na+ moves into cell via osmotic or electrostatic pressure 3. Na+ channels close 4. At the height of the action potential the K+ channels open 5. K+ moves out of cell via osmotic or electrostatic pressure 6. Membrane potential returns to resting, hyper polarizing, K+ channels close 7. Na+/K+ transporter returns ion distribution to resting
What is the mind-body question, and what are the ways in which it is answered?
Are the mind and body separate from one another? DUALISM ANS: mind and body are completely separate *MONISM ANS*: body and mind are connected, body experiences produce our conscious experiences
structure only tests:
Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Describe movement of important ions:
K+= stays where it needs to be Cl= stays Na+=creates dynamic change A-=stuck
What are the ion concentrations in and outside the cell?
Na+ is highly concentrated on the outside, K+ is high concentrated inside
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Na+/K+ transporters protect the maintenance of differential ion distribution by kicking out 3 Na+ ions for every K+ ion it pulls in
marker of function TESTS
PET, fMRI, DIT
What is electrostatic pressure?
When cations and anions are attracted to one another
what are emergent properties?
a property that a whole system has, but that its parts do not have (think of churches)
WDTD: Hodgkin and Huxley
action potential
determinism
behavior is determined by hereditary traits and effects of environment (nature vs. nurture)
WDTD: Jackson:
brain is organized
WDTD: Hippocrates & Galen:
brain is origin of behavior!
reductionism
breaking down a system into smaller parts, studying those parts, and then using what can be known from the smaller parts to understand the whole
What does the spinal chord do?
carries nerve impulses to and from the brain
between neurons:
chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are passed
Depolarization vs Hyperpolarization
depolarization is when the membrane potential moves towards zero (less negative) hyper polarization is when the membrane potential moves away from zero (more negative)
What is resting membrane potential?
difference in the voltage between the inside v.s the outside of an axon membrane when the cell is at REST
within neurons:
electrical signals are passed
WDTD: Bell & Magendie:
electrical signals travel one direction in neuron
the difference in ion concentration makes the ______ of neuron have a _________ net charge relative to _________
inside; negative; outside
Diffusion:
ions like to spread out evenly in space
Why can we use animals for neural research?
it is scientifically necessary!!! If there is possible benefit for humans to do this, we should do it
WDTD: Gall and Spurzheim:
localization of function is the brain
WDTD: Descartes:
mind controls brain and movement (dualism)
WDTD: Hitzig & Fritsch:
movement
Osmosis:
moving from high to low concentration
WDTD: Galvani & du Bois-Raymond:
nerves transmit electrical message
WDTD: Cajal & Golgi:
neurons are seperate parts
Dorsal vs. Ventral horns:
neurons in DORSAL horns RECEIVE sensory input neurons in VENTRAL horns PASS motor info
materialism
only the material or physical body is real
What are the three Rs of animal research?
reduce replace refine
WDTD: Broca:
speech production
WDTD: von Hemholtz:
speed of neural conduction is SLOW
WDTD: Sherrington:
synapse
What does the study of behavioral neuroscience encompass?
the basis of human behavior from a biological, physical or neurological perspective
what is membrane potential and how is it measured?
we measure in neurons, poke it with an electrode wire, look at the difference between what two electrodes are measuring, RECORDS STATE OF INTRACELLULAR FLUID VS EXTRACELLULAR FLUID which tells us about anions and cations