BNS EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

How does spinal reflex work?

sensory neurons do not pass into the brain, rather they meet with other spinal neurons all the way down the spinal cord to allow for faster reflexes and avoid delays in the brain

What are the layers of the meninges?

1. Dura Mater: outer, THICC MOTHER****ER 2. Arachnoid: WEB, middle child, blood vessels run through 3. Pia Mater: literally plastic wrap for the brain

monism

the mind and the body are one

What is the meninges?

These are three connective tissue membranes protecting the CNS

What is the threshold of excitation?

"point of no return" at which an AP is generated, reverses membrane potential

comparative neuroscience

using animal research to compare to human body to find out something about human research

voltage measures _____ mv inside with respect to the outside

-70

What are the rights of human subjects?

-cannot coerce into study -no excessive benefit -informed consent -freedom to leave -confidentiality -follow-up

What are the important facts regarding the spinal chord?

-there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves -divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal divisions -contains gray matter (cell bodies) and white matter (fatty nerve fibers)

What are the steps of action potential?

1. Na+ gated channels open on axon hillock (threshold of excitation) 2. Na+ moves into cell via osmotic or electrostatic pressure 3. Na+ channels close 4. At the height of the action potential the K+ channels open 5. K+ moves out of cell via osmotic or electrostatic pressure 6. Membrane potential returns to resting, hyper polarizing, K+ channels close 7. Na+/K+ transporter returns ion distribution to resting

What is the mind-body question, and what are the ways in which it is answered?

Are the mind and body separate from one another? DUALISM ANS: mind and body are completely separate *MONISM ANS*: body and mind are connected, body experiences produce our conscious experiences

structure only tests:

Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Describe movement of important ions:

K+= stays where it needs to be Cl= stays Na+=creates dynamic change A-=stuck

What are the ion concentrations in and outside the cell?

Na+ is highly concentrated on the outside, K+ is high concentrated inside

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Na+/K+ transporters protect the maintenance of differential ion distribution by kicking out 3 Na+ ions for every K+ ion it pulls in

marker of function TESTS

PET, fMRI, DIT

What is electrostatic pressure?

When cations and anions are attracted to one another

what are emergent properties?

a property that a whole system has, but that its parts do not have (think of churches)

WDTD: Hodgkin and Huxley

action potential

determinism

behavior is determined by hereditary traits and effects of environment (nature vs. nurture)

WDTD: Jackson:

brain is organized

WDTD: Hippocrates & Galen:

brain is origin of behavior!

reductionism

breaking down a system into smaller parts, studying those parts, and then using what can be known from the smaller parts to understand the whole

What does the spinal chord do?

carries nerve impulses to and from the brain

between neurons:

chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are passed

Depolarization vs Hyperpolarization

depolarization is when the membrane potential moves towards zero (less negative) hyper polarization is when the membrane potential moves away from zero (more negative)

What is resting membrane potential?

difference in the voltage between the inside v.s the outside of an axon membrane when the cell is at REST

within neurons:

electrical signals are passed

WDTD: Bell & Magendie:

electrical signals travel one direction in neuron

the difference in ion concentration makes the ______ of neuron have a _________ net charge relative to _________

inside; negative; outside

Diffusion:

ions like to spread out evenly in space

Why can we use animals for neural research?

it is scientifically necessary!!! If there is possible benefit for humans to do this, we should do it

WDTD: Gall and Spurzheim:

localization of function is the brain

WDTD: Descartes:

mind controls brain and movement (dualism)

WDTD: Hitzig & Fritsch:

movement

Osmosis:

moving from high to low concentration

WDTD: Galvani & du Bois-Raymond:

nerves transmit electrical message

WDTD: Cajal & Golgi:

neurons are seperate parts

Dorsal vs. Ventral horns:

neurons in DORSAL horns RECEIVE sensory input neurons in VENTRAL horns PASS motor info

materialism

only the material or physical body is real

What are the three Rs of animal research?

reduce replace refine

WDTD: Broca:

speech production

WDTD: von Hemholtz:

speed of neural conduction is SLOW

WDTD: Sherrington:

synapse

What does the study of behavioral neuroscience encompass?

the basis of human behavior from a biological, physical or neurological perspective

what is membrane potential and how is it measured?

we measure in neurons, poke it with an electrode wire, look at the difference between what two electrodes are measuring, RECORDS STATE OF INTRACELLULAR FLUID VS EXTRACELLULAR FLUID which tells us about anions and cations