Brain and CNs

Diencephalon

Fn areas. Control of hormones temperature, water balance, processing of information from sensory brain areas and motor connect to motor areas

Basal ganglia

Form "extra pyramidal system" controlling/modifying motor movement

Hippocampus and Parahippocampus

Formation of new memories, memory and emotion.

Insula

General fn: coordination of autonomic sensory info with autonomic fn.

CNI

Olfactory: Special sensory (Smell). Exit: Foramina of Cribiform plate of ethmoid

CNV1

Opthalmic: Sensation from cornea skin of forehead scalp eyelids nose nasal mucosa and paranasal sinus. Exits at Sup Orbital FIssure

CNII

Optic: Special Sensory (Vision). Exit: Optic canal

Pars compacta

Part of substantia nigra: damage to dopamine production cells in this lead to parkinsons

CNV

Trigeminal: Three Divisions (v1Opthalmic, v2maxillary, and v3mandibular) Somatic Sensory of Face (see Divisions for specifics) AND Somatic motor (Mandibular division) (Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric, tensor veli palatine, and tensor tympani

CNIV

Trochlear: Somatic Motor to superior oblique; moves eye inferolaterally.) Exit: Sup Orbital fissure

Primary visual cortex

perception of visual input

Ascending Reticular formation: Reticular activating system

(Brainstem) Sleep wake cycle, alertness, pain control

Precentral Gyrus

(Frontal Lobe posterior) AKA motor strip, Primary voluntary motor control. Lesion contralateral paralysis.

Broca's area

(Frontal Lobe) Motor speech, Control of muscles of lips, tongue, larynx

Globus pallidum

Facilitates motor pathways, including oculomotor

Prefrontal cortex

(Frontal Lobe) Personality, motivation, planning, judgement, executive fn, depth of feeling, impulse control. Lesion: behavior loss of initiative, judgement, impulse control, executive fn. (prefrontal labotomy)

Premotor Area

(Frontal Lobe) Secondary motor control (planning and mentally practicing movement, indicating some gross movement.) Lesion: Apraxia (inability to perform voluntary movements).

Cingulate Gyrus

(Frontal and Temporal) Memory motivation emotion. Lesions sedative, loss of psychic and motor initiative, indifference, apathy.

Superior parietal lobule

(Parietal Lobe) Integration of sensory perception to environment. Lesion contralateral aster-gnosis()

Extreme base of post central gyrus

(Parietal Lobe) Taste. Lesion: contralateral loss of taste

Inferior Parietal lobuel

(Parietal lobe) Contralateral integration of sensation with language, and with awareness of self and surroundings. Lesions (usually on R side) Contralateral neglect syndrome

Post central gyrus

(Parietal lobe)AKA somatosensory strip) Primary somatosensory area including PROPrioception Lesion paresthesia (loss of contralateral sensation).

Transverse superior gyrus (Gyrus of Heschl)

(Temporal Lobe) Hearing perception (lip reading also)

Wernicke's area

(Temporal Lobe) Language understanding and formulation

Posterior (occipitotemporal cortex)

(Temporal Lobe) Learning and memory (especially auditory information in dominant side and visual information in dominant side.

Primary olfactory cortex

(Temporal Lobe) Smell perception Lesion: anosmia (inability to discriminate odors)

Midbrain Fn areas

-Cerebral peduncles/Cerebral crus. -Cerebral aqueduct/periaqueductal gray matter. -Substantia Nigra.-Tectum

CNVI

Abducent: Somatic Motor (Lateral rectus to turn eye laterally) Exits: Foramen Ovale

Cerebral peduncles/Cerebral crus

Ant part midbrain, from cerebral cortex to cerebellum and spinal cord.

Medula Oblongata Contents

Ant: Pyramids, Preolivary sulcus, Olvie, Postolivary sulcus Post: Hypoglossal trigone, Vagal trigone

Amygdala

Appropriate behavior, initiation and integration of somatic and autonomic responses anxiety, social fears.

Cerebral aqueduct/Periaqueductal gray matter

Aqueduct that connects 3 and 4 ventricles. Important in pain suppression.

Tectum

Area of midbrain: Post to cerebral aqueduct. Corpora quadrigemina (four lumps) 2 Superior colliculus and 2 Inferior colliculus

Substantia Nigra

Between crus and tegumentum Important in motor control, including eye movements. It's got 2.....regions Pars compacta and Pars reticula

Hippocampus (special)

Brain's mapmaker, (physical and social. Also new memories formed here, time-keeper

Secondary sensory cortex

Calming when emotionally upset

Cerebrum

Contralateral control

Hypothalamus

Controls autonomic functions, body temp and composition.

Cerebellum Ant Lobe Fn

Coordination of limb movements when movements are being executed. Proprioception?

Inferior colliculus

Corpora quadrigemina of Tectum. Auditory center (localization of startling sound)

Superior colliculus

Corpora quadrigemina of tectum Visual reflexes (turn head and eyes in response to sound/pain)

Brainstem Fn

Cranial nerve nuclei are located here; Pathway for incoming sensory and outgoing motor pathways; communication with cerebellum; reticular formation

CNVII

Facial: Somatic Motor (muscles of facial expression, post belly of digastric) Special Sensory (Taste ant 2/3 of tongue). Somatic Sensory (General skin sensation from auricle) Visceral Motor (Parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and glands of nose and palate. Exits: EAM, Facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen

CNIX

Glossopharyngeal: -Somatic motor (Swallowing) -Visceral motor (Parasympathetic to parotid gland) Special Sensory (Taste Post 1/3 tongue) -Somatic Sensory (Post auricle, tragus, post 1/3 tongue, soft palate pharynx, Tympanic cavity and membrane ET tube, Mastoid cells. Visceral sensory (Carotid body )chemoreceptors) and sinus (baroreceptors))) ALL Exit: Jugular Foramen

CNXII

Hypoglossal: Somatic Motor (intrinsic and extrinsic of tongue) Exits: Hypoglossal Canal

HPA Axis

Hypothalamus to and Pituitary to Adrenal cortex

Nucleus (neuroanatomy)

In neuroanatomy, a nucleus (plural form: nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system,[1] located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.[2] The neurons in one nucleus usually have roughly similar connections and functions.[3] Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts, the bundles (fascicles) of axons (nerve fibers) extending from the cell bodies. A nucleus is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers. The term "nucleus" is in some cases used rather loosely, to mean simply an identifiably distinct group of neurons, even if they are spread over an extended area. The reticular nucleus of the thalamus, for example, is a thin layer of inhibitory neurons that surrounds the thalamus. Some of the major anatomical components of the brain are organized as clusters of interconnected nuclei. Notable among these are the thalamus and hypothalamus, each of which contains several dozen distinguishable substructures. The medulla and pons also contain numerous small nuclei with a wide variety of sensory, motor, and regulatory functions. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons (homologous to a CNS nucleus) is called a ganglion. The fascicles of nerve fibers in the PNS (homologous to CNS tracts) are called nerves. Examples[edit] Brainstem: red nucleus, vestibular nucleus, inferior olive Cerebellum: dentate nucleus, emboliform nucleus, globose nucleus, fastigial nucleus Basal ganglia: striatum (caudate and putamen), pallidum (globus pallidus, medial and lateral), substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus Cranial nerve nuclei Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: "The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in feeding, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity."

ganglion vs nucleus

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons (homologous to a CNS nucleus) is called a ganglion. The fascicles of nerve fibers in the PNS (homologous to CNS tracts) are called nerves.

Cerebellum

Ipsilateral control

Cerebellum Post Lobe Fn

Learning and storage of complex or skilled muscular movements (muscle memory)

Tegumentum

Majority of midbrain. contains ascending (sensory) and descending (Motor), Various nuclei, and reticular formation

CNV3

Mandibular: Sensation from skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, TMJ, Mucosa of mouth, and ant 2/3 of tongue: Exits Foramen Ovale

CNV2

Maxillary: Sensation from skin of face over maxilla, upper lip, upper teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinus and palate. Exits: Foramen Rotundum

Limbic system

Memories Emotion and Mood

Parts of the Brainstem (Sup-Inf

Midbrain (diencephalon), Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

Frontal Lobe

Motor control; executive fn, personality, memory

Cerebellum Fn. and Lobes

Muscle control, muscle memory.Ant. Post. and Flocculonodular

CNIII

Oculomotor: Somatic Motor (EOM, except Sup Oblique & Lat Rectus) AND Visceral Motor (parasympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles; Constrict pupil and accommodate lens) Exit: Sup Orbital fissure

Descending reticular formation

Posture, equilibrium, autonomic nervous system activity. Also: motor movement, reflexive behavior (coughing chewing, swallowing, and vomiting.) Play a role in eye movement. Fns: GI control, Cardiovascular and respiratory control; reflexes of cranial nerves.

Striatum

Putamen: between globes pallid us and claustrum. Caudate nucleus: large comma-shaped nucleus lateral to lateral ventricles Both: inhibit motor pathways

Parietal lobe

Sensory perception and integration of input from different senses (vision touch sound)

Temporal lobe

Special senses; language hearing smell integration of vision with language hearing or smell.

CNXI

Spinal Accessory: Somatic motor (SCM and Trap) Exits: Jugular Foramen

CNX

Vagus: Somatic Motor (pharynx constrictors, larynx intrinsics, palate muscles, and Sup 2/3 of esophagus striated muscles. Visceral Motor (Parasymp: smooth muscles of trachea, bronchi, GI tract, and cardiac muscles). Visceral sensory (sensation from base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach, and intestines) Special sensory (taste from epiglottis and palate) Somatic Sensory (sensation of ear and dura mater post cranial fossa) Exits: Jugular foramen

Cerebellum Flocculonodular Lobe Fn

Vestibular (balance) fn

CNVIII

Vestibulocochlear: Vestibular: Special Sensory (balance) Cochlear: Special Sensory (hearing) Exits: IAM

Occipital Lobe

Vision Color Movements Depth perception

Visual association areas

Visual association areas for color, movement, depth perception