breastfeeding and infancy
what are the 3 biggest benefits of breastfeeding mothers?
1. BONDING to their child; creates an emotional bond between mother and child 2. reduces risk for type 2 diabetes because the weight can be lost quicker 3. Large hormonal response that tells body done with pregnancy and "lets start putting ourselves back together"
energy and protein requirements for preschoolers:
1800 kcals 1.1 g protein
when are solid foods introduced?
around 4-6 months of age once certain milestones are met
specifically, why is DHA important for newborns?
brain development! it is an omega 3 fatty acid
is need for nutrients greater during pregnancy or lactation?
lactation --- many microvitamins needed during this time
colostrum is ___ volume of liquid, but contains higher ____
lower volume, higher nutrient content
what determines when babies can start eating solid foods?
milestones
what is the negative of feeding with formula instead of breast milk?
nursing bottle tooth decay
galactosemia
resistance to breastmilk; can't metabolize lactose
adolescence is an uncomfortable time because
they are concerned with body image -- could lead to eating disorders
explain diet pattern in children
worsens as child gets older -- leads to childhood obesity
age of toddlers
1-3 years
energy and protein requirements for toddlers:
1300 kcals 1.2 g protein
how many kcals per cup does a glass of human milk contain?
160
infants grow at an accelerated rate. explain
Doubles birth weight by 6 months of age and triples it by 12 months Length doubles by 1 year of age
why is growth so accelerated during infancy?
Significant intellectual and social development occurs during infancy
energy and protein trends in aging children
as they age, their kcal increases and protein decreases
how does breast-feeding protect against infections, allergies, and chronic disease
breast milk has lymphocytes/ immune cells from mother
breast milk is low in ___, ___, ___
fat soluble vitamins, sodium, other minerals
what nutrient should women focus on increasing during first trimester
folic acid
another benefit of breast milk
may enhance brain development
what are the developmental milestones from 4-6 months
solid foods are accepted because the tongue is further back in the mouth; infant can hold his head up and is able to sit with/out support
what does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend?
supplementing breast-fed babies with vitamin D drops to meet needs
t/f: food allergies are more common in infants than adults
t
colostrum
the very first milk produced by the breast... can be produced before the baby is born
age of school children
6-10 years
fxn of colostrum
acts as a mild laxative, has an immune system in it
what nutrients are predominantly needed during lactation?
carbs and water
what's a healthy alternative to breastmilk
formula
what is used to track physical development
growth charts
first bowel movement is called
mirconium
why must the mirconium be removed quickly?
mirconium has dead red blood cells - has to get out of babys digestive tract otherwise it will cause jaundice
reasons for FTT
misinformed parents who don't know what proper foods are; child has some sort of issue with their digestive tract
how is formula made?
modified cow milk
do food intolerances cause antibody production?
no; create problems during digestion like lactose intolerance
what does breastfeeding provide?
nutritional and health benefits for infants
what is the benefit of continuing breast milk past 6 months?
reduces risk of childhood obesity
why wont babies (birth - 4 months) eat solid foods?
the way their tongue is shaped, they will push it out
when is bottle feeding recommended?
weak or small infant -- Specific formulas can induce weight gain and nutrient content
does the nutritional composition of breast milk change?
yes; it changes as the infant grows
nursing bottle tooth decay
occurs because some formulas have higher amount of sugar in them; allowing nutrients to have bottle in their mouth for too long - causes bacterial growth on the teeth when baby falls asleep with bottle in their mouth over night
Failure to thrive (FTT)
occurs when a child is delayed in physical growth or size or does not gain enough weight
energy and protein requirements for school children:
2000 kcals 1.0 g protein
why are children prone to these diseases?
High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets combined with low-activity lifestyles
breast milk specifically is high in ___, ___, and ___
fat, lactose, B vitamins
when should babies not be breast fed?
if they have galactosemia, or if the mothers are sick
what is the biggest benefit of breastfeeding for the infant?
immune protection; breast milk is the first immune system the baby will have
what essential fatty acids are in breast milk? why are they important?
in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) important for the development of vision and the central nervous system
energy and protein needs for children :
increases as you age, especially in teenage years (puberty)
what are the developmental milestones from 9-12 months
infant can drink from a cup and feed himself
what are the developmental milestones from 6-9 months
infant can sit without support, chew, hold food, easily move hand to mouth
what are the developmental milestones from birth to 4 months?
infant drinks breastmilk by suckling a nipple; pushes solid food out of the mouth
girls -grow __ in -gain ___ lbs - ___ body fat
- grow 6 inches -gain 35 lbs -increase body fat
boys -grow __ in -gain ___ lbs - ___ lean body mass
- grow 8 inches -gain 45 lbs -increase lean body mass
energy and protein requirements for girls: -age 11-14 -age 15-18
-47 kcals, 1.0 g protein -40 kcals, 0.9 g protein
energy and protein requirements for boys: -age 11-14 -age 15-18
-55 kcals, 1.0 g protein -45 kcals, 0.9 g protein
how many cups a day should a breastfeeding mother drink?
13 cups -- need enough water so youre never feeling thirsty
age of preschoolers
4-5 years
how many additional kcals should a breastfeeding mother take in?
400
diet related diseases seen in children:
Obesity Type 2 diabetes Elevated serum cholesterol Heart disease Hypertension
what is important to note during 2nd and 3rd trimesters
add about 300-400 calories
why do girls gain body fat and boys gain lean body mass?
estrogen makes fat, testosterone makes muscle
what does the American Dietetic Association recommend
exclusive breast feeding until 6 months of age and continuation to at least one year with appropriate solid foods
colustrum is lower in ___, but higher in ___ ___ ___ ___
fat; protein, vitamin A, minerals, antibodies