"Briefly define each term below and give an example that illustrates the term. The example can be a study that was detailed in class or a real life example, as long as it adequately illustrates the concept."

Ways to activate overarching identities

By having a common enemy (alliances in war (japan and germany WWII), delay at an airport, hearing a bump in an elevator By seeing some significant similarity By having and working towars some common goal

Causes and consequences of group identification

-Causes: Relies on contrast between groups for category formation... there is no group until there are the "other people", people then perceive themselves as more similar to the in group, salience of group membership in situation -Consequences: perception that people out of group are evil (& immoral & dishonest), in-group favoritism (greater liking, greater perceived competence, biased perceptions of reality) "Robber's Cave" Experiment Findings: separation and competition can generate inter-group conflict, cooperative pursuit of common goals (and shared success) can foster solidarity, cohesion, and liking

Status

An individual's relative standing in a group hierachy based on prestige, honor, and respect Position in a status hierarchy reflects how competent and valuable people think you are, relative to other group members Groups tend to sort into relative hierarchies based on status e.g. within a group the highest status goes to person considered most competent (CEO or manager)

Levels of identity

Different "selves" that an individual may take on in a social interaction. Levels include: personal identities (personality-polite/optimistic), role identities (roles-student/father), social identities (group id-race/politics) Helping and soccer

Effects of status ("What does status do?")

Higher status standing leads to: Greater respect from others, greater influence, more opportunities to speak, ideas/thoughts more positively evaluated, higher perceived competence, higher perceived honestly and integrity, better pay, more lenient standards of evaluation (making it hard to lose status) e.g. CEO has more power

Imposter Phenomenon

Imposter Syndrome: feeling among successful individuals that they do not belong in elite academic or professional settings, waiting to be found out Stanford students

Triangular theory of love

Intimacy (feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding) Passion (drive that leads to romacne, physical attraction and sex) Decision/commitment (the decision that one loves another and the commitment to maintain the love) Only decision/commitment but nothing else? Empty love

Integrative negotiation

Involves multiple issues, differences in priorities and interets Successful outcomes involve value creation (expanding the pie), not just value claiming (slicing the pie) When you and your partner have different priorities on different issues (which is almost always the case), you can trade what you want less for what you want more of e.g. - example from class, and orange parable

Altruism vs. egoism

Motivational factor for why people help Altruistic: motivated by the desire to increase another's welfare Egoistic: motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare So is helping ever really that altruistic, but does it matter e.g. -giving makes you happy... waffle house attack hero acted selfishly, saved lives

Pratfall effect

Participants judge candidates for game show C1: Highly competent candidate C2: Average competency C3: Low competence Found competent people more attractive if they made a blunder JLaw more liked after fall

The Spotlight Effect

People overestimate the extent to which their actions and appearance are noticed by others e.g.- Study: people overestimated how much others would notice they wore a barry manilow t-shirt or Vanilla ice t-shirt We overestimate how harshly others judge us for our blunders, mishaps, failures (focalism)

Illusion of transparency

Tendency for people to overestimate how much others can see their internal states (how much people can tell if your nervous, if they lied) e.g. -Participants played lie/truth telling game in groups, overestimated how often others could detect their lies

Identifiable victim effect

Tendency of individuals to offer greater aid when a specific, identifiable person ("victim") is observed under hardship, as opposed to a large, vaguely defined group with the same need Eg: (infomercials for charities will often have people "adopt a child")

Immune Neglect

Tendency of people to overestimate the intensity and duration of their emotions e.g. -Study 1-People who had never been through a break-up estimated how unhappy they would feel-Compared to reports of those who had been through a break-up (either recent or distant)-Forecasters overestimated effect of breakup on happiness

Naïve realism

The belief that our subjective experience is an objective unmediated copy of reality One person's trash is another's treasure e.g. -You're a fan of a particular rock band. You perceive them as the best, as your ears enjoys their music. However, your friend does not agree to it. His perception is different than yours. However, naive realism suggests that all observers are unbiased, and other persons also interpret and perceive things 'as we do it'. Some fanatics will argue that only what they perceive is correct.

Mass psychogenic illness

The collective occurrence of self-reported and or objective symptoms in the absence of an identifiable pathogen (schools, workplace).

Stereotypes

The generalizations about the characteristics of members of groups Applied to the group members whether or not they actually apply or are accurate A group may face stereotypical perceptions and judgments They effect: attributions, evaluations, and behaviors e.g. WHITE PEOPLE CAN'T DANCE

Bystander effect

The phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. e.g. Kitty Genovese: In 1964 at 3am a 28 year old was on her way home when she was brutally attacked in two seperate incidents as she was stabbed to death over a half-hour period. A reported 38 neighbors either witnessed or reported the incident but none came to her aid. Exemplifies the bystander effect.

Misattribution of arousal

We misattribute our arousal to love when it could be something else: ex. Drinking lots of coffee then going on a date, you attribute your fluttery heart to your date but it could just be the coffee Rickety bridge study

Moral reframing hypothesis

When trying to persuade someone to your argument, you need to think about their moral values not their own For example, framing same-sex marriage in conservative values such as moral purity, and authority... more convincing e.g. -studies on same sex marriage