BRM Midterm

Maturation Effects

Children mature overtime, and these developmental processes present a problem to researchers.

Other Threats to Validity

Experimenter expectancy effects Compensatory rivalry resentful demoralization

Cambell and Stanley threats to interval validity

History Effects Maturation Effects Testing Effects Instrumentation Effects Regression to the mean Participant selection selective attrition of participants

Latency

How long does it take before a response occurs

IOA and fidelity

OA is important to check consistency reliability and validity; there is no standard criteria in the research for IOA; 20-40% of observations with 80% or higher is the rule of thumb;

Figure Caption

a concise statement that in combination with the axis and condition labels provides the reader with sufficient information to identify the independent and dependent variable

Celeration

a dimension that allows for the qualification of the change in frequency of responses over time

Momentary Time Sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

Rate

a ration of count per observation time

Baseline Logic

a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs (Prediction, verification, and replication)

Partial Interval Recording

a time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval

Measurable

able to be assessed and quantified

Technological

allows others to replicate assessment

Duration

amount of time behavior occurs

Observer Drift

any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error.

functional relation

can be defined as establishing a consistent effect on a dependent variable by systematically manipulation an independent variable

permanent products

change in the environment produced by a behavior that lasts long enough for measurement to take place

accuracy

correct number of problems solved

Measurement

create an intervention; direct observations; self reports; permanent products

Variability

degree of variation in data within phase

Verification

demonstrates that the data would have gone unchanged, if the intervention had not been put into place

Novelty

effects of interaction may be due in part to how innovative it is.

History Effects

events that occur outside of the experimental situations but can potentially influence the behavior under stud (e.g. sleep deprivation, health problems, or out-of-school math tutoring.)

Experimenter expectancy effects

experimenter can influence behavior of participants, interventionist, and observers by conveying expectations.

Multiple treatment interference

exposure to multiple treatments or components creates a specific context for participants.

Magnitude/intensity

force with which a response is emitted

Condition Labels

form of single words or brief descriptive phrases, are printed along the top of the graph and parallel to the horizontal axis

Key dimensions of SV

goals methods outcomes sustainability

Direct replication

implementing same independent variable again; can be with the same participants or new participants in the same population

Interaction of selection bias and IV

individual histories of participants cause them to be differentially affected by IV

Reactive effects of measurement

measurement conditions interact with IV to cause changes in DV

Clear

observers able to read and understand definition

Objective

only observable events

Compensatory rivalry

participants in baseline may change their behavior due to motivation to demonstration that they can improve.

Reactive effects of experimental arrangement

participants knowledge that they are participating in research study

resentful demoralization

participants not receiving intervention may respond negatively.

replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Data Path

represents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points and its primary focus of attention in the interpretation and analysis of graphed data

Social Validity

requirement that consumers may have input into goals, methods, outcomes and sustainability

Trend

slope of change in performance (increasing, decreasing, and flat)

Regression to the mean

statistical sampling phenomenon in which highly unlikely outcomes ("outliers") occurring within a normal distribution tend not to reoccur when resampled.

Calculation IOA

Agreement = 75 disagreement = 25 total= Agreement + Disagreement IOA = Agreement / Total X 100 75/100= .75 X 100 = 75%

systematic replication

An experiment in which the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment.

Whole Interval Recording

At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the whole interval

level

Average/mean performance within a phase

Data Points

(a) a quantifiable measure of the target behavior recorded during a given observation period (b) the time and/or experimental conditions under which that particular measurement was conducted

Advantages of SCD

-IV's can have different effects on individuals -repeated measures allows us to monitor performance - more flexible than group studies -bottom - up approach

Target behavior definitions should be

-Objective -clear -Technological -measurable

Instrumentation Effects

1. Malfunctions in software and/or hardware being used to record behavior might occur. 2. Behavior being recorded by observers can result in inaccurately record the behaviors of interest.

Factors of Social Validity

1. Social significance of the goals; 2. Social appropriateness of the procedures 3. Social importance of the effects (can occur early, midway, at the end or follow-up; ideas are critical to ABA research and practice

Prediction

A statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events.

Frequency per unit of time

Rate of behavior

two major methods for SV

Rating by consumers/critical judges use of peer norms

Threats to external validity

Reactive effects of measurement Reactive effects of experimental arrangement Interaction of selection bias and IV Multiple treatment interference Novelty

requirement of the independent variable for that causal statements can be made

Reliable occurrence of IV/Intervention Data are sampled, much like IOA data Must sample across all intervention phases Performance feedback

Treatment integrity (Intervention Adherence)

The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described an no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment

Y Axis

The vertical line and represents the range of values for the dependent variable

IOA reasons why you might obtain a poor IOA

the definition is not objective, clear or complete; the task is too complex; the observation period is too long; the observers have not received sufficient training; the observers are biased.

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

the degree to which 2 or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.

Participant Section

the equivalence of people being assigned to different treatment groups. Like regression to the mean, is derived from a group comparison approach to research derived from traditional psychological research and does not easily map onto a single-case design logic with individuals.

X Axis

the horizontal line and represents the passage of time

Experimental control

the outcome of an experiment that demonstrated a functional relation or the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables

Topography

the physical form or shape of a behavior

Disadvantages of SCD

the study may not be carried out as we originally planned it

interresponse time (IRT)

the time that elapses between occurrences of a response

Baseline Logic

the way we demonstrate that we have experimental control, that out internal validity is found, and that we can actually make statements about whether or not interventions were successful (prediction, verifications, and replication)

Testing Effects

threats to experimental control resulting from changes in behavior that occur when exposed to a testing situation.

Selective Attrition of participants

to individuals dropping out or being removed from a study for some systematic reason that is unrecognized by the researcher.

Adherence Data

used to check if procedures reimplemented as planned. Sometimes referred to as fidelity.

independent variable

what is manipulated or the intervention; what is actually changed; is the event that is of experimental interest in relation to the behavior(s) being studied

dependent variable

what is measured to judge outcomes; typically estimates of the behaviors you are analyzing; is synonymous with the measurement system being used to record behavior

Internal Validity

when the design and data make it possible to make casual or functional arguments;

External Validity

when the outcomes can be generalized; is the extent to which a finding from one experiment can be extrapolated to other participants, places, and conditions.