BRM Midterm
Maturation Effects
Children mature overtime, and these developmental processes present a problem to researchers.
Other Threats to Validity
Experimenter expectancy effects Compensatory rivalry resentful demoralization
Cambell and Stanley threats to interval validity
History Effects Maturation Effects Testing Effects Instrumentation Effects Regression to the mean Participant selection selective attrition of participants
Latency
How long does it take before a response occurs
IOA and fidelity
OA is important to check consistency reliability and validity; there is no standard criteria in the research for IOA; 20-40% of observations with 80% or higher is the rule of thumb;
Figure Caption
a concise statement that in combination with the axis and condition labels provides the reader with sufficient information to identify the independent and dependent variable
Celeration
a dimension that allows for the qualification of the change in frequency of responses over time
Momentary Time Sampling
a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals
Rate
a ration of count per observation time
Baseline Logic
a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs (Prediction, verification, and replication)
Partial Interval Recording
a time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval
Measurable
able to be assessed and quantified
Technological
allows others to replicate assessment
Duration
amount of time behavior occurs
Observer Drift
any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error.
functional relation
can be defined as establishing a consistent effect on a dependent variable by systematically manipulation an independent variable
permanent products
change in the environment produced by a behavior that lasts long enough for measurement to take place
accuracy
correct number of problems solved
Measurement
create an intervention; direct observations; self reports; permanent products
Variability
degree of variation in data within phase
Verification
demonstrates that the data would have gone unchanged, if the intervention had not been put into place
Novelty
effects of interaction may be due in part to how innovative it is.
History Effects
events that occur outside of the experimental situations but can potentially influence the behavior under stud (e.g. sleep deprivation, health problems, or out-of-school math tutoring.)
Experimenter expectancy effects
experimenter can influence behavior of participants, interventionist, and observers by conveying expectations.
Multiple treatment interference
exposure to multiple treatments or components creates a specific context for participants.
Magnitude/intensity
force with which a response is emitted
Condition Labels
form of single words or brief descriptive phrases, are printed along the top of the graph and parallel to the horizontal axis
Key dimensions of SV
goals methods outcomes sustainability
Direct replication
implementing same independent variable again; can be with the same participants or new participants in the same population
Interaction of selection bias and IV
individual histories of participants cause them to be differentially affected by IV
Reactive effects of measurement
measurement conditions interact with IV to cause changes in DV
Clear
observers able to read and understand definition
Objective
only observable events
Compensatory rivalry
participants in baseline may change their behavior due to motivation to demonstration that they can improve.
Reactive effects of experimental arrangement
participants knowledge that they are participating in research study
resentful demoralization
participants not receiving intervention may respond negatively.
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Data Path
represents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points and its primary focus of attention in the interpretation and analysis of graphed data
Social Validity
requirement that consumers may have input into goals, methods, outcomes and sustainability
Trend
slope of change in performance (increasing, decreasing, and flat)
Regression to the mean
statistical sampling phenomenon in which highly unlikely outcomes ("outliers") occurring within a normal distribution tend not to reoccur when resampled.
Calculation IOA
Agreement = 75 disagreement = 25 total= Agreement + Disagreement IOA = Agreement / Total X 100 75/100= .75 X 100 = 75%
systematic replication
An experiment in which the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment.
Whole Interval Recording
At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the whole interval
level
Average/mean performance within a phase
Data Points
(a) a quantifiable measure of the target behavior recorded during a given observation period (b) the time and/or experimental conditions under which that particular measurement was conducted
Advantages of SCD
-IV's can have different effects on individuals -repeated measures allows us to monitor performance - more flexible than group studies -bottom - up approach
Target behavior definitions should be
-Objective -clear -Technological -measurable
Instrumentation Effects
1. Malfunctions in software and/or hardware being used to record behavior might occur. 2. Behavior being recorded by observers can result in inaccurately record the behaviors of interest.
Factors of Social Validity
1. Social significance of the goals; 2. Social appropriateness of the procedures 3. Social importance of the effects (can occur early, midway, at the end or follow-up; ideas are critical to ABA research and practice
Prediction
A statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events.
Frequency per unit of time
Rate of behavior
two major methods for SV
Rating by consumers/critical judges use of peer norms
Threats to external validity
Reactive effects of measurement Reactive effects of experimental arrangement Interaction of selection bias and IV Multiple treatment interference Novelty
requirement of the independent variable for that causal statements can be made
Reliable occurrence of IV/Intervention Data are sampled, much like IOA data Must sample across all intervention phases Performance feedback
Treatment integrity (Intervention Adherence)
The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described an no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment
Y Axis
The vertical line and represents the range of values for the dependent variable
IOA reasons why you might obtain a poor IOA
the definition is not objective, clear or complete; the task is too complex; the observation period is too long; the observers have not received sufficient training; the observers are biased.
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
the degree to which 2 or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.
Participant Section
the equivalence of people being assigned to different treatment groups. Like regression to the mean, is derived from a group comparison approach to research derived from traditional psychological research and does not easily map onto a single-case design logic with individuals.
X Axis
the horizontal line and represents the passage of time
Experimental control
the outcome of an experiment that demonstrated a functional relation or the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables
Topography
the physical form or shape of a behavior
Disadvantages of SCD
the study may not be carried out as we originally planned it
interresponse time (IRT)
the time that elapses between occurrences of a response
Baseline Logic
the way we demonstrate that we have experimental control, that out internal validity is found, and that we can actually make statements about whether or not interventions were successful (prediction, verifications, and replication)
Testing Effects
threats to experimental control resulting from changes in behavior that occur when exposed to a testing situation.
Selective Attrition of participants
to individuals dropping out or being removed from a study for some systematic reason that is unrecognized by the researcher.
Adherence Data
used to check if procedures reimplemented as planned. Sometimes referred to as fidelity.
independent variable
what is manipulated or the intervention; what is actually changed; is the event that is of experimental interest in relation to the behavior(s) being studied
dependent variable
what is measured to judge outcomes; typically estimates of the behaviors you are analyzing; is synonymous with the measurement system being used to record behavior
Internal Validity
when the design and data make it possible to make casual or functional arguments;
External Validity
when the outcomes can be generalized; is the extent to which a finding from one experiment can be extrapolated to other participants, places, and conditions.