Business Principle (9)
True or false: Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management".
False
To which part of the theories is job enrichment most closely related?
Herzberg's higher-level motivators
Which is not an element of scientific management?
Human factors
___________ ___________ do not move people to action when present in the workplace.
Hygiene factors
A type of ___________ used by managers to plot the work of employees in detail was developed by Henry Gantt, who followed Taylor's principles.
chart
Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the ______ of scientific management:
father
A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and __________ before focusing on tasks is a high-context culture
trust
A researcher whose work was based on Taylor's was Henry L. Gantt who developed _____________ to plot and track production.
chart
Management by objectives is most effective in stable situations that allow managers to make _______________ - ___________________ plans with few changes.
long range
Employee involvement and group membership were two of the reasons employees gave as the reason for increased ______________ during the Hawthorne studies.
productivity
Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?
Job security
Rewarding _________ ____________ employees for following the rules while rewarding younger workers like Millennials for changing them is an effective way to apply motivation strategy to workers of differing generations.
baby boomer
The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing _________ and information throughout the organization.
communication
A culture that focuses on the ______________ and views relationship building as a waste of time is a low-context culture.
task
An assumption made by a Theory X manager about people is:
the primary motivator is fear
The central idea of management by objectives is that employees must ______________ themselves
motivate
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, after you have eaten, you are no longer ______________ to find food.
motivated
Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to
motivation
Herzberg studied the relationship between:
motivation and job-related factors
According to Herzberg, interest in the work itself is a(n)
motivator
Motivation:
moves people to action
Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to ____________ employees around the world.
motivate
Management by objectives works best: Multiple choice question. (A) in stable situations (B) during turbulent times (C) when making short-range plans (D) when many changes must occur
A
Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists? Multiple select question. (A) Abraham Maslow (B) Frederick Herzberg (C) David McGregor (D) Frederick Taylor
A B
Managers should try to avoid problems about ____________ by ensuring that rewards are distributed on the basis of performance and that all employees clearly understand the basis for their pay and benefits.
equity
The "Principles of Scientific Management" was written by:
Frederick Taylor
In his study, Herzberg asked ______ to rank those areas of the job that create enthusiasm.
workers
True or false: Frederick Taylor's studies were the foundation to Henry Gantt's chart development.
True
The belief that your work makes a difference and gives you satisfaction is an example of:
an intrinsic reward
McGregor's theory states that managers motivate workers based on their ____________ about workers' attitudes toward work.
assumptions
A system of goal setting and implementation designed by Peter Drucker is called
management by objectives
Studies about which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task are referred to as ______ studies.
time-motion
Findings during the Hawthorne Studies that still affect management today include: Multiple choice question. (A) making it very clear exactly what is expected of employees (B) increasing pay incentives for piecework will improve productivity (C) consulting employees during the decision making process and using their ideas (D) changing working conditions without consulting the workers will increase productivity
C
Workers in a high context culture find it important to Multiple choice question. (A) collect as much data as possible before making a decision (B) develop relationships after completing tasks (C) develop relationships before starting tasks (D) make decisions as soon as possible in their work group
C
Which of the following theories of motivation is the basis for Management by Objectives?
Drucker's Goal-setting theory
Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?
Scientific
Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content?
Sense of achievement
Which management theory uses time-motion studies to find the one best method for workers to perform each task and then teaches them that method?
Taylor's Scientific Management
A type of chart used to track and plan worker activity developed by a researcher who followed Taylor's principles is called
a Gantt chart
Studying workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use is an example of:
a time-motion study
Self-managed teams improve productivity because the members appreciate having the _____________ to control their own work.
autonomy
While not motivators, the absence of certain factors from the job environment will cause
dissatisfaction
Companies like Ford are using self-managed teams to improve productivity by allowing teams enough to _______________ solve problems and meet objectives.
freedom
While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing trust to do the same job. That is because Korea is a ______ context culture and the U.S. is a ______ context culture.
high, low
According to Herzberg's theory, good working conditions are a(n)
hygiene factor
Job factors that cause employees to be dissatisfied when absent, but do not lead to motivation are called
hygiene factors
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed the principle of
motion economy
Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:
no longer motivate
Taylor's goal was to increase worker efficiency and _____________ in order to benefit both the firm and workers.
productivity
When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and __________________ accomplishments
reward
Job ___________ involves moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating.
rotation
According to Ouchi's Theory Z, Type __________________ management is achievement oriented.
A
If one manager views most employees as motivated to do work while a second manager views most employees as lazy, they are operating under which of the following management theories respectively? Multiple choice question. (A) Theory Y and two-factor theory (B) Two-factor theory and Theory X (C) Theory X and Theory Y (D) Theory Y and Theory X
D
Vroom's expectancy theory states that the: Multiple choice question. (A) goals must always be set by the employee (B) use of hygiene factors is unneeded (C) amount of effort employees exert on a specific task relates to the manager's assumptions about the worker (D) amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome
D
The idea that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions is at the heart of which motivation theory?
Drucker's goal-setting theory
___________ theory states that an individual will not put forth effort without first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value they place on the reward.
Expectancy
The generational group of managers that expect to give and get more feedback on their work are:
Gen X
Frederick Taylor wrote:
The Principles of Scientific Management
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals is an example of a(n)
intrinsic reward
Herzberg found that workers were not motivated by factors related to the
job environment
Moving a worker from one job to another to increase variety and motivation is
job roatation
Moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating is called:
job rotation
To use self-managed teams to improve productivity, management must reinvent work by: Multiple select question. (A) respecting workers (B) allowing autonomy (C) centralizing authority (D) developing workers' skills
A B D
What was the goal of Taylor's scientific management? Multiple select question. (A) Increase worker productivity (B) Benefit the firm (C) Increase focus on human factors (D) Benefit the worker
A B D
Which of the following factors are part of the job environment, but do not motivate workers? Multiple select question. (A) pay (B) friendly supervisors (C) Responsibility (D) job security
A B D
A Theory X manager is likely to think that the primary motivators are __________ and ___________
fear/punishment
Job factors that cause employees to be productive and give them satisfaction is the definition of a(n) ________________ according to Herzberg.
motivator
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:
naturally like to work
Taylor's scientific management became the dominant strategy for improving ______________ in the early Twentieth century.
productivity
The idea that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary motions and analyzed to make it more efficient was the Gilbreths':
theory of motion economy
What is the purpose of Management by Objectives? Multiple select question. (A) To motivate all levels of the organization through goal setting and implementation (B) To monitor the results of implementing goals (C) To reward the accomplishment of organization goals (D) To provide every employee with clear goals set by top managers
A B C
Findings during the Hawthorne Studies that still affect management today include: Multiple choice question. (A) changing working conditions without consulting the workers will increase productivity (B) consulting employees during the decision making process and using their ideas (C) increasing pay incentives for piecework will improve productivity (D) making it very clear exactly what is expected of employees
B
More people leave their jobs for: Multiple choice question. (A) temporary care of a family member who is ill (B) opportunities to advance their careers (C) more pay than for advancement (D) fewer tasks
B
Peter Drucker developed MBO because he recognized that: Multiple select question. (A) only managers are able to monitor employees (B) employees need to motivate themselves (C) managers can only thwart employee motivation, not motivate an employee (D) only managers can motivate employees with the right rewards
B C
When using MBO, a manager must Multiple select questions. (A) develop inventory systems (B) develop a commitment to goals (C) formulate goals cooperatively with employees (D) develop compensation systems for employees
B C
Feeling personal satisfaction because you perform well is which type of reward?
Intrinsic reward
According to a survey of recent college graduates, opportunities for ____________ are important in attracting and retaining employees.
advancement
Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the ______________ needed for each is time-motion study.
time
Companies can minimize the perception of unfairness in the workplace by having clear and frequent communication:
with all employees
Which of the following is an example of time-motion study? Multiple choice question. (A) Measuring the time and amount produced by different methods and tools when shoveling coal (B) Measuring the amount of work done by an employee (C) Measuring the number of communications between several different employees (D) Measuring the inputs relative to the outputs used
A
The responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include: Multiple select question. (A) rewarding employee accomplishments (B) setting goals with the employee (C) allowing employees to decide their own rewards (D) allowing employees to monitor their own goals
A B
Which of the following is about a manager's attitudes and assumptions about workers? Multiple select question. (A) McGregor's Theory Y (B) Ouchi's Theory X (C) McGregor's Theory X (D) Ouchi's Theory Y
A B
The elements of scientific management include: Multiple select questions. (A) rules of work (B) time (C) method (D) human factors
A B C
Gen X managers understand that: Multiple select question. (A) there is more to life than work (B) results are more important than hours spent in the workplace (C) hours spent in the workplace are important (D) flexibility and consensus building work well
A B D
Taylor's method was to: Multiple select question. (A) determine the one "best" way (B) study the most efficient way to do a task (C) allow workers to determine the best way to do their jobs (D) teach people the one best way to do their jobs
A B D
Which of the following are examples of factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies? Multiple select question. (A) Management respect and interaction. (B) Social group membership and informality. (C) More comfortable lighting levels (D) Worker involvement in managerial decisions.
A B D
Managers can work to improve perceptions of equity by: Multiple select question. (A) communicating as clearly as possible (B) punishing those who share salary information (C) clarifying expected outcomes from goals that are achieved (D) clarifying the results they expect from an employee
A C D
Select assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people. Multiple select questions. (A) People like to work. (B) People are motivated only by the extrinsic rewards offered. (C) People are lazy and dislike work. (D) People seek responsibility.
A D
Choose the central idea of management by objectives. Multiple choice question. (A) Employers must set objectives (B) Employees need to motivate themselves (C) Employers need to motivate workers (D) Employees must set objectives
B
According to Herzberg's study, motivators that gave employees satisfaction and motivated them: Multiple choice question. (A) related mostly to job content (B) were job security and pay (C) were pay and working conditions (D) were the company's policies and rules
A
According to Ouchi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type _____________ management relies on individual decision making and achievement.
A
Select assumptions made by Theory X managers about people. Multiple select question. (A) People enjoy work for its own sake. (B) People prefer to avoid work. (C) People are motivated to avoid punishment. (D) People must be controlled and forced to work
B C D
Taylor's Scientific Method became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s. Other researchers who worked with him, included: Multiple select question. (A) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (B) Henri Fayol (C) Abraham Maslow (D) Henry L. Gantt
A D
