C224 Pre-Assessment Questions

random sampling

Experiments are rarely, if ever, based on _________________ generalizations population random sampling random assignment

external

Generalizing validity is another term for _____________ validity. statistical conclusion construct internal external

83

Given the following set of test scores: 60, 83, 74, 64, 52, 83, 81, 94, 79, 90 What is the mode? 74 80 83 94

meta-inference

Good mixed methods research understands and integrates the important ideas from the quantitative and qualitative data, findings, and perspectives. This is called __________. statistical generalization meta-inference emic perspective

cause and effect

Internal validity enables researchers to determine possible _______________ relationships between independent and dependent variables. descriptive cause and effect

mediating variables

Intervening variables are also known as __________. dividing variables inconsequential variables mediating variables

Pragmatism

On which principle do mixed methods researchers base their design and research? Relativism Pragmatism Realism Pluralism

Whether one paradigm will be given priority over the other

Once a mixed approach has been selected, what must researchers consider in constructing their research design? Whether mixed research is appropriate for the research question Whether or not data analysis will be conducted Whether one paradigm will be given priority over the other Whether they can introduce sufficient controls into their experiment

professional

Plagiarism is considered a ___________________ issue of research ethics. professional societal

One or two causal factors are focused on.

Quantitative research is often noted for using a "narrow-angle" lens on study topics. Which of the following would be an explanation for this? One or two causal factors are focused on. Many causal factors are focused on.x No specific factors are focused on.

descriptive

Quantitative research questions typically come in three forms: causal, predictive, and ethnographic descriptive overarching phenomenological

Variables

Research questions in quantitative studies differ from qualitative studies in their focus on _________ being investigated. pheomena variables

Causal-comparative

A researcher wants to test a specific hypothesis and applies random assignment for the study. Which quantitative research method should be used for this study? Experimental Correlational Causal-comparative Grounded theory

construct

A reviewer of a research proposal on hyperactivity disorder has concerns over the concept of hyperactivity disorder described in the study. Her concern is over the ______________________________ validity of hyperactivity disorder in the study statistical conclusion construct internal

purpose

A statement of the intent or the objective of a study is referred to as the "research hypothesis question problem purpose

measrement

A teacher leading a lesson of guidelines for determining a person's height is instructing their class on measurement ________________ ? observation reliability measurement validity

Action

A team of educational researchers plan to conduct a local study in the community in order to resolve a critical problem at hand. What variety of research does this represent? Basic Predictive Experimental Action

moderator variable

A variable that controls the change of relationship between the IV and DV is known as __________. an extraneous variable a moderator variable a mediating variable

reflexivity

Action researchers approach issues of validity and trustworthiness within the scope of practicality reflexivity

the minor must give his or her assent

After a minor's parent or guardian has given informed consent, what must happen regarding the child's participation? the minor music give his or her informed consent the minor must give his or her assent nothing-the informed consent by the minor's guardians is all that is needed

Use mixed methods to align both the strengths and limitations of each approach

An action researcher designs a study that has weak internal validity. What might the researcher do to help strengthen the research? Use mixed methods to align both the strengths and limitations of each approach Address issues in the research that might directly limit generalization Use qualitative methods and focus on descriptive validity Adjust for these limitations by enhancing statistical conclusion validity

wanting to determine cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions

An investigator decided that a quantitative research study would be appropriate. Which of these factors would have led to this decision? wanting to observe behaviors as they occur in natural settings wanting to determine cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions wanting to determine the benefits of a new strategy wanting to provide a complex explanation incorporating multiple perspectives

sufficient information about the sample population

The participants section of a proposal should provide __________. a description of the data collection methods sufficient information about the sample population information about the research design the procedures in the study

determinism

The process by which environmental factors are isolated in order to determine the rate of a specific process is known as what? Determinism Explanation Identification

Negative

The results of a study showed that as daily cholesterol consumption increases, life expectancy tends to decrease. What type of correlation can be seen in this result? Negative Positive Perfect Zero

statistical conclusion

The soundness of the methods that researchers use to estimate the degree of the association between independent and dependent variables involves ________ validity. internal construct external statistical conclusion

ethical judgements are dependent on costs and benefits of research

The utilitarianism approach to ethics argues that ethical rules are arbitrary and relative to individuals ethics follow universal codes regardless of situation ethical judgements are dependent on costs and benefits of research ethics must be judged by potential benefits only

The rule of parsimony

Theories A and B provide explanations for variance in students' academic performance. Both theories explain performance well; however, Theory A is more concise and succinct. Which approach for evaluating quality is applied to determine that Theory A is preferred for explaining the phenomenon? The rule of parsimony The criterion of falsifiability The theoretical explanations The principle of evidence

They will avoid making a mistake.

Through the combination of more than one research method in a single study, researchers can ensure that what occurs? They will avoid covering every aspect and perspective. They will collect some of the available relevant data. They will avoid making a mistake.

overarching

Unlike in quantitative research studies, qualitative research questions are typically ___________________ in their subject and scope. precise overarching

inside-outside

Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called ____________ validity. sequential commensurability approximation inside-outside paradigmatic/philosophical

deontological approach

What approach to ethics contends that ethics are arbitrary and relative to an individual situation or context? ethical skepticism deontological approach utilitarian approach

deontological approach

What approach to ethics posits that ethical issues must be judged on the basis of some universal code? ethnical skepticism utilitarian approach deontological approach

External validity

What term refers to the extent to which a study's results can be generalized across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations? Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity External validity Causal validity

Interview protocol

What tool is designed to collect data by including question items, response categories, and instructions for researchers? Interview proposal Interview transcript Interview protocol

Inferential

What type of statistics allows quantitative researchers to draw conclusions about populations? Inferential Predictive Descriptive Quantitative

Inferential statistics

What type of statistics do researchers use to draw conclusions about characteristics of a population based upon a sample? Interval estimations Point estimates Inferential statistics Descriptive statistics

paradigm/research-approach emphasis decision

When a mixed methods research study considers the relative weight given to quantitative or qualitative parts, or if one is the core part of the study, this is known as __________. time orientation decision complementarity paradigm/research-approach emphasis decision

mixed

When a researcher utilizes a hybrid of quantitative and qualitative approaches to create a research problem, _________________________________ research is reflective of this. quantitative mixed qualitative nonexperimental

statistical generalizations about populations

When based on random samples, quantitative research is very useful for making __________. speculative generalizations about populations random generalizations about populations statistical generalizations about populations

Fluid

When compared with quantitative and qualitative research, action research questions are characterized by being more generalized concrete fluid

Research-approach emphasis Time order

When designing a mixed methods study, which two factors must a researcher consider when combining qualitative and quantitative approaches? Choose 2 answers Compatibility Research-approach emphasis Sample relationship Time order Quantitizing

There is a need to describe how the different research methods are combined.

Why are more detailed design sections often included in mixed research studies? There is a need to describe how the different research methods are combined. Mixed designs include qualitative methods and these require a more detailed description of the design. Mixed research designs include many more participants than either quantitative or qualitative studies.

They help to pinpoint exactly what is being investigated.

Why are research questions essential to a study? They help to pinpoint exactly what is being investigated. They provide a vague idea of the research problem under investigation. They provide the "best guess" about the relationship between variables studied. They state the method by which data will be collected and analyzed.

In order to describe aspects of the study that may influence willingness to participate

Why is it necessary to obtain informed consent from research participants? In order to provide them with information about the investigator's past research studies In order to forewarn them about any deception that will be used in the study In order to describe aspects of the study that may influence willingness to participate In order to share information about other participants in the study

Understanding a group or phenomenon

__________ is the primary focus of a research problem designed for qualitative studies. Evaluating control and experimental groups Statistically describing an event Predicting a causal relationship Understanding a group or phenomenon

interpretive

_______________ validity focuses on the accurate understanding of participants meanings and experiences. internal theoretical interpretive descriptive

an ontological

_________________ belief refers to a belief about what is assumed to be real or true. a methodological an axiological an epistemological an ontological

journal articles and other published material

A literature review summarizes information from ________________ about the research topic of interest. The information gathered through a literature review helps a researcher make decisions throughout the process of planning and designing a research study. a researcher's personal notes journal articles and other published material

Empirical data

A primary goal of quantitative research is to test hypotheses, which is accomplished through the employment of which type of data? Individual data Narrative data Empirical data

The Exploratory arrow

A research wheel is shown in the figure below: Which arrow represents the inductive method? The Exploratory arrow The Confirmatory arrow The arrow from Theory to Hypotheses, Predictions The arrow from Hypotheses, Predictions to Observations, Data

Changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable.

Assuming the effects of extraneous variables have been accounted for, a cause-and-effect relationship between variables is present when what occurs? Changes in the dependent variable causes no change in the independent variable. Changes in the dependent variable cause change in the independent variable. Changes in the independent variable cause no change in the dependent variable. Changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable.

prediction

By establishing a ____________________________ of the relationship between variables under examination, researchers can form a specific hypothesis to drive a quantitative research study. generalization prediction

Quantitative research Quantitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research

Classify each research method as belonging to either the quantitative or qualitative research. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. Experimental Nonexperimental Ethnography Case study Grounded theory

critical thinking

Consumers of research can evaluate the strength of a study's evidence by using critical thinking example of other similar studies anecdotal data needs assessment

Inductive analysis

Creative synthesis works in conjunction with which analysis strategy? Unique case orientation Holistic perspective Context sensitivity Inductive analysis

The purpose statement describes the type of relationship between variables while the research question asks if a specific relationship exists between variables.

How does a statement of purpose differ from a research question in a quantitative study? The purpose statement predicts the relationship between variables to be studied while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables. The purpose statement describes a specific relationship between variables while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables. The purpose statement describes the type of relationship between variables while the research question asks if a specific relationship exists between variables. The purpose statement names variables to be studied while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables.

Quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time, but with the quantitative sample being a subset of the qualitative sample.

If a mixed research study uses a nested concurrent sampling design, then which of the following best represents this design? Quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time, but with the qualitative sample being a subset of the quantitative sample. Quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time on the same individuals who are participating in both the quantitative and qualitative phases of the study. Quantitative and qualitative data are collected one after the other, but with the quantitative sample being a subset of the qualitative sample.

mixed

If a research problem contains a hybrid of quantitative and qualitative approaches, this is reflective of ________________________________ research. experimental qualitative mixed quantitative

Qualitative

If a researcher conducts an observation of study participants without advance specification of techniques, this is reflective of ____ observation. experimental qualitative quantitative structured

instrument/apparatus

If a researcher plans to use a questionnaire or a standardized test in their proposed study, in which section would they include a description and justification of it? design introduction instrument/apparatus results

Claiming that they have proven the alternative hypothesis to be true.

If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, which of the following should they avoid? Making sure that their result also is practically significant. Claiming that their finding is statistically significant. Claiming that they have proven the alternative hypothesis to be true. Tentatively accepting the alternative hypothesis.

systemwide

If an action researcher team is considering study issues occurring in a large-scale environment—such as a lower-income school district—which scope of action research is the most appropriate for their investigation? Collaborative Individual Systemwide

internal

If the design of a research study permits researchers to accurately infer that the independent variable is the cause of the changes observed in the dependent variable, then the design of the study is said to have ___________ validity. construct internal statistical conclusion

research validity

If the inference made from the results of a study is correct, then the study has ____________________. research validity research reliability important results valid results

hypothesis testing

In addition to estimation, _________________ is a subfield in inferential statistics. descriptive statistics point estimation hypothesis testing interval estimation

communicate with other researcher

In addition to expressing a research study's objective, a research purpose statement also helps researchers communicate with other researcher state the research outcome challenge other researchers

professional growth

In addition to recording research activities and observations, action research also provides educators an activity for detailing ______ personal doubts practitioner certainty professional growth

understanding a group or phenomonon

In qualitative studies, the research problem primarily focuses on evaluating control and experimental groups understanding a group or phenomenon predicting a casual relationship statistically describing an event

the procedures proposed for conducting the study

In the method section of a research proposal, which of the following would be discussed? the intended outcome of the study the procedures proposed for conducting the study the rationale for the study the findings of the study

rationalism

What source of knowledge asserts that "many truths are knowable independent of observation"? Epistemology Rationalism Empiricism

They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article.

Literature reviews have multiple characteristics, including the tendency to be very focused on a specific research question, and which of the following? They are rarely published in journals. They are solely a long list of article summaries. They are often created without established guidelines for content and formatting. They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article.

Questionnaire Focus group Interview Test

Match each description with the method of data collection it describes. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. Data obtained by having research participants fill out self-report instruments Data gathered by discussing issues with multiple research participants at the same time in a small-group setting Data gathered by researcher talking to individual participants Data obtained by having participants fill out an instrument or perform a behavior designed to measure their ability or degree of skill Focus group Interview Questionnaire Test

Ethnography Narrative inquiry Phenomenology Case study Grounded theory

Match each type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. Extensive description of physical and social settings aimed at holistic understanding Account that includes patterns, connections, and insights uncovered Rich narrative that lets readers experience phenomenon through eyes of participants Holistic narrative that triangulates data and places study into a meaningful context Methodological description followed by proposed idea built during the study Case study Ethnography Grounded theory Narrative inquiry Phenomenology

research topic research question

The broad subject area that will be studied in your _____________________________________, which is developed into a more specific __________________. research topic research question

The degree to which the researchers' explanations fit the data

What is theoretical validity? The accuracy of the portrayal of the perspectives and meanings of the participants The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researchers The generalizability of the results to other cases and contexts The degree to which the researchers' explanations fit the data

It uses strengths of one method to overcome the limitations in another method. It provides stronger evidence for corroboration of findings through triangulation. It provides stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence.

What are three strengths of mixed methods research? Choose 3 answers It uses strengths of one method to overcome the limitations in another method. It provides stronger evidence for corroboration of findings through triangulation. It provides stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence. It is effective for testing and validating theories that have already been constructed. It empowers local practitioners to contribute to knowledge. It is useful for testing hypotheses constructed before data are collected.

It does not lend itself to making strong statements of cause and effect. It produces small-scale results that are difficult to generalize to different and larger contexts.

What are two limitations of action research? Choose 2 answers It does not lend itself to making strong statements of cause and effect. It produces small-scale results that are difficult to generalize to different and larger contexts. It is difficult for a single researcher to carry out. It is more expensive than other types of research.

Determine whether a problem has already been researched Point out methodological problems associated with a research question

What are two primary purposes of a literature review? Choose 2 answers Determine whether a problem has already been researched Point out methodological problems associated with a research question Discuss the results of the data analysis Develop a plan for sampling from a population Address the effects of research bias in a study

To employ experimental designs in a controlled setting

What are two purposes of action research? Choose 2 answers To focus on solving specific problems To engage local practitioners in inquiry To employ experimental designs in a controlled setting To address the need for generalizable findings

To focus on solving specific problems To engage local practitioners in inquiry

What are two purposes of action research? Choose 2 answers To focus on solving specific problems To engage local practitioners in inquiry To employ experimental designs in a controlled setting To address the need for generalizable findings

State the null and alternative hypotheses. Obtain the probability value.

What are two steps of hypothesis testing? Choose 2 answers State the null and alternative hypotheses. Obtain the probability value. Estimate the characteristics of populations based on data. Identify the independent variable.

Hypotheses

What does quantitative research attempt to test through the collection of numerical data? Values Theories Assumptions Hypotheses

The degree to which mixed researchers combine qualitative and quantitative approaches that have nonoverlapping limitations

What does weakness minimization validity in mixed research refer to? The degree to which a researcher addresses the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders The degree to which a research makes appropriate conclusions, generalizations, and meta-inferences from mixed samples The degree to which the mixed researcher clearly explains his or her philosophical beliefs about research The degree to which mixed researchers combine qualitative and quantitative approaches that have nonoverlapping limitations

To gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area

What is a main reason for conducting literature reviews in quantitative research? To determine who the research participants should be To gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area To determine which statistical test to use

Leads to a complex understanding about events or phenomenon

What is a main strength of qualitative research? Generates results that are relatively independent of the researcher Leads to a complex understanding about events or phenomenon Produces integrated knowledge that informs theory and practice Empowers practitioners to contribute to knowledge base

Approximates causal relationships through experimental research studies

What is a main strength of quantitative research? Contributes to a complex understanding about events or phenomenon Approximates causal relationships through experimental research studies Produces integrated knowledge that informs theory and practice Describes the complexities of local situations

A measurable characteristic

What is a variable in educational research? A characteristic that does not vary across participants A quantitative value A person or thing on whom we collect data A measurable characteristic

The procedures that are followed to obtain data

What is meant by a method of data collection? The computer program that runs statistical calculations on data The steps that are involved in selecting participants for a study The procedures that are followed to obtain data The overall design and strategy for a research study

Expansion

What is purpose of a mixed method study that is conducted to extend the breadth and range of inquiry by using different methods for different inquiry components? Complementarity Triangulation Expansion Initiation

Organizations

What is the emphasis of action science (AS), a form of action research? Individuals Families Organizations Political systems

Deductive reasoning

What is the name of the process where one determines the truth of a conclusion by determining the truth of the underlying premises? Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Empiricism Rationalism

They can be confirmed or refuted.

What is the one criterion that hypotheses must meet? They can be used by all research approaches. They can be explored qualitatively. They can be confirmed or refuted. They can be concrete and absolute.

To understand

What is the primary objective of education research that studies a phenomenon about which little is known? To describe To predict To integrate To understand

Support theories

What is the purpose of evidence in research? Determine truths Support theories Prove practices Improve thinking

The type of analysis The type of data

What must a researcher determine before conducting a mixed analysis? Choose 2 answers The type of analysis The type of variables The type of validity The type of data

Data reduction

Which analysis procedure focuses on decreasing the number of dimensions in the quantitative and/or qualitative data? Data consolidation Data reduction Data integration

Voice, perspective, and reflexivity

Which analysis strategy contends that "complete objectivity is impossible"? Inductive analysis and creative synthesis Voice, perspective, and reflexivity Context sensitivity Unique case orientation

A researcher examines how well a measure of self-control predicts how long children will wait for a prize.

Which example addresses evidence of validity? A researcher compares scores on two administrations of a test administered a week apart. A researcher examines how consistently two raters score a behavioral observation. A researcher examines how closely scores correlate on two forms of the same test. A researcher examines how well a measure of self-control predicts how long children will wait for a prize.

Qualitative

Which major research approach seeks to understand people's subjective and shared experiences through systematic observation? Action Mixed methods Qualitative Quantitative

development

Which mixed research purpose seeks to "use the results from one method to inform the other method" by including sampling and implementation? Development Expansion Initiation

Randomly placing 20 administrators into one of four groups to be studied Randomly putting 150 college athletes into three different exercise groups for a study

Which of the following are examples of random assignment for a research experiment? Choose 2 answers Randomly choosing 50 seniors from the senior class for a study Randomly placing 20 administrators into one of four groups to be studied Randomly selecting 15 professors from the psychology department for a study Randomly putting 150 college athletes into three different exercise groups for a study Randomly selecting 4 vocational programs for evaluation in a study

Case study Grounded theory Ethnography

Which of the following are theoretical frameworks of qualitative research? Choose 3 answers Case study Experimental Grounded theory Nonexperimental Ethnography

study of a phenomenon under strictly controlled conditions

Which of the following best defines what an experiment involves? study of a phenomenon under strictly controlled conditions study of a phenomenon as it naturally occursx use of several dependent variables focus on prediction of criterion variables

Unclear temporal order of the variables

Which of the following is a key problem with two-variable cases of nonexperimental research? Too much manipulation of independent variables Lack of extraneous variables Unclear temporal order of the variables

Annotated bibliographies tend to be working documents that can be used to help write a literature review.

Which of the following is characteristic of an annotated bibliography? The American Psychological Association publishes specific rules for how to write one.x Annotated bibliographies are often published in journals. Annotated bibliographies tend to be working documents that can be used to help write a literature review. Annotated bibliographies are often shared to be utilized by other researchers in developing their own.

Discrediting experiments

Which of the following is not a function of variables in quantitative research? Constructing experiments Comprehending existing studies Discrediting experiments

Purposeful sampling

Which of the following is not a major qualitative research analysis strategy? Purposeful sampling Context sensitivity Holistic perspective Creative synthesis

how groups and individuals affect one another

Which of the following is not an example of a sociological factor studied by educational researchers? how groups form and change how groups and individuals affect one another how group members relate to one another

Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, and hypothesis (for quantitative research)

Which of the following orders is the recommended one in the module for the development of a research idea? Research purpose, research topic, research question, hypothesis (for quantitative research), and research problem Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, and hypothesis (for quantitative research) Research topic, hypothesis (for quantitative research), research problem, research question, and research purpose Research topic, research purpose, research question, hypothesis (for quantitative research), and research problem

Measurement

Which research activity is occurring when a researcher assigns numerical scores to achievement tests by adding up the total number of correct answers? Statistical analysis Triangulation of qualitative research data Questionnaire construction Measurement

Action

Which research approach views research with the attitude of being both a practitioner and a researcher? Quantitative Qualitative Mixed methods Action

Ratio

Which scale of measurement has a true zero point? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

A quantitative method is used in the initial cycle, followed by a qualitative method.

Which statement characterizes the collection of data in an action research study? Any method of data collection can be used, alone or in conjunction with others, at any time during the cycle. A quantitative method is used in the initial cycle, followed by a qualitative method. A qualitative method is used in the initial cycle, followed by a quantitative method. An intermethod mixing approach is applied during every cycle.

Systematic change happens by increasing resisting forces and decreasing driving forces.

Which statement describes change theory? Systematic change occurs when equilibrium exists between our beliefs and the environment. Systematic change happens by increasing resisting forces and decreasing driving forces. Systematic change follows three phases: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Systematic change occurs when universal truths are discovered.

External validity evidence can be obtained by replication in qualitative research, but it is not a focus very often.

Which statement is true about external validity in qualitative research? External validity is confirmed through random assignment in qualitative research. External validity is confirmed through random sampling in qualitative research. External validity evidence can be obtained by replication in qualitative research, but it is not a focus very often. External validity is always irrelevant in qualitative research

grounded theory

Which theoretical framework utilizes coding to build explanatory models during the data analysis phase? phenomenology ethnography grounded theory narrative inquiry

Research report Peer-reviewed journal article Research proposal

Which three documents would include an APA-style literature review? Choose 3 answers "How-to" newsletter article Research report Newspaper article Peer-reviewed journal article Research proposal Lesson plans

It is fluid It is personal It is highly situational

Which three views of human thought and behavior are characteristic of qualitative research? Choose 3 answers It is fluid It is predictable It is personal It occurs in regular patterns It is highly situational

Context sensitive Triangulated

Which two characteristics of data collection and analysis are common to the theoretical frameworks of qualitative research? Choose 2 answers Statistical Context sensitive Triangulated Time-limited Rigid

Distribution is positively skewed. Mean is greater than the median.

Which two properties can be attributed to this distribution? Choose 2 answers Distribution is negatively skewed. Distribution is positively skewed. There is no skew. Mean is greater than the median. Mean is less than the median. Mean and median are the same.

A sample is a set of elements taken from a population. Sample results are generalized to a population.

Which two statements about samples and populations are correct? Choose 2 answers A sample is a set of elements taken from a population. A population is a set of elements taken from a sample. A sample contains one half the number of elements in a population. Population results are generalized to a sample. Sample results are generalized to a population.

Averages Measures of spread

Which two types of calculations are descriptive statistics designed to interpret? Choose 2 answers Averages Interval estimations Measures of spread Effect size Point estimates

Human behavior is regular. Predictable behavior allows for hypothesis development.

Which two views are consistent with the assumptions of quantitative research? Choose 2 answers Personal viewpoints are meaningful. Human behavior is regular. Contextual factors outweigh individual experiences. Predictable behavior allows for hypothesis development. Situational variables affect perceptions and experiences.

Unique case orientation

Which type of qualitative data analysis places a high priority on being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of individual situations? Unique case orientation Inductive analysis Holistic perspective Context sensitivity Voice, perspective, and reflexivity

Qualitative

Which type of research would not include the statement of a hypothesis? Mixed methods Quantitative Action Qualitative

true zero point

While interval measurement scales have equal intervals between adjacent numbers, they lack ______. quantitative measurement true zero point rank-order feature zero point