C300 - Unified Action

What is a Campaign?

- A campaign is a series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given time and space." - Joint in nature—functional and Service components of the joint force conduct supporting operations, not independent campaigns.

What is an Amphibious Objective Area (AOA)?

- A geographic area, delineated for command and control purposes, within which is located the objective(s) to be secured by an amphibious force. - Must be of sufficient size to ensure accomplishment of the amphibious force's mission. - Must provide sufficient area for conducting necessary sea, air, and land operations. - Once it has been disestablished, land and sea areas can revert to AOs.

What is a Noncontiguous Operational Area?

- An Area of Operation where that does not share boundaries. - CONOPS link the elements of the force. - The HHQ is responsible for the area between these boundaries.

What is a Joint Special Operations Area (JSOA)?

- An area of land, sea, and airspace assigned by a JFC to a SOF commander to conduct special operations (SO) activities. - May be limited in size to accommodate a discrete direct action mission or may be extensive enough to allow a continuing broad range of unconventional warfare operations. - Defined by a JFC who has geographic responsibilities. - JFCs may use it to delineate and facilitate simultaneous conventional and SO within the area. - The JFSOCC is the supported commander in this Operational Area.

What is a Joint Operations Area (JOA)?

- An area of land, sea, and airspace defined by a GCC or subordinate unified commander, in which a JFC (normally a CJTF) conducts military operations to accomplish a specific mission. - Particularly useful when operations are limited in scope and geographic area or when operations are to be conducted on the boundaries between theaters.

What is a Theater of Operations?

- An operational area defined by the GCC for the conduct or support of specific military operations. -Established primarily when the scope of the operation in time, space, purpose, and/or employed forces exceeds what can normally be accommodated by a JOA. - One or more theaters of operations may be designated. Different theaters of operations will normally be geographically separate and focused on different missions. - Typically is smaller than a theater of war, but is large enough to allow for operations in depth and over extended periods of time. - Normally associated with major operations and campaigns and may cross the boundary of two AORs.

What are Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations?

- Ensure the safety of US citizens and US interests while maintaining and improving the ability to operate with multinational partners to deter hostile ambitions of potential aggressors. - "They may be conducted as a stand-alone response to a crisis (e.g., NEO) or executed as an element of a larger, more complex operation." - Military forces operate in close cooperation with interorganizational participants.

What is a Theater of War?

- Geographical area defined by SecDef or GCC and comprised of some combination of air, land, and maritime domains established for the conduct of major operations and campaigns involving combat. - Established primarily when there is a formal declaration of war or it is necessary to encompass more than one theater of operations (or a JOA and a separate theater of operations) within a single boundary for the purposes of C2, sustainment, protection, or mutual support. - Does not normally encompass the GCC's entire AOR, but may cross the boundaries of two or more AORs.

What key changes occurred with the Goldwater-Nicholas Act of 1986?

1) Chairman JCS elevated to principal military advisor to president, national defense security council and secretary of defense, duties previously shared by the JCS. 2) JCS becomes senior military advisors to the CJCS 3) CJCS acquires a Vice Chairman 4) Joint duty becomes a requirement to achieve high-level promotion 5) SecDef authorized to use CJCS as his channel of communications between NCA and combatant commanders

What Command Relationships could a JFC contain?

1) Combatant Command (Command Authority) 2) Operational Control (when delegated) 3) Tactical Control (when delegated) 4) Administrative Relationship (when assigned)

What functions are common to all Joint Operations?

1) Command and Control 2) Intelligence 3) Movement and Maneuver 4) Fires & Information Operations 5) Protection 6) Sustainment

How does the Joint Task Force Commander organize their assigned forces?

1) Joint Force Operations 2) Component Options 3) SOF Employment Options 4) Joint HQ Augmentation Options

What are the options available to Organize a Joint Force?

1) Joint Force Options 2) Component Options 3) SOF Employment Options 4) Joint HQ Augmentation Options

How many subgroups are there for the Continuum of War?

1) Large Scale Combat Operations 2) Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations 3) Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence

What are purposes of the United Nations?

1) Maintain international peace and security 2) Develop friendly relations among nations 3) Cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights 4) Be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

What are the Ranges of Military Operations?

1) Major Operations and Campaigns (LSCO) 2) Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations 3) Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence.

What are the tenants of Multinational Operations?

1) Respect 2) Rapport 3) Knowledge of Partners 4) Patience 5) Mission Focus 6) Trust and Confidence

What are the 5 functional combatant commands?

1) SOCOM 2) SPACECOM 3) STRATCOM 4) CYBERCOM 5) TRANSCOM

What are the roles the Army can assume inside a Joint Task Force?

1) Serve as the JTF HQ 2) ARFOR 3) Joint Force Land Component (JFLCC)

What are the Organizational Operations within Combatant Commands?

1) Service Component Commands 2) Functional Component Commands 3) Subordinate Unified Commands 4) Single-service forces

What are the organizational options within combatant commands?

1) Service Component Commands - Required 2) Functional Component Commands 3) Subordinate Unified Commands 4) Single-Service Forces 5) Specific Operational Forces 6) Joint Task Forces - Required

What are the Doctrinal Levels of Warfare?

1) Strategic 2) Operational 3) Tactical

What are the different Regional Combatant Commands?

1) USNORTHCOM 2) USINDOPACOM 3) USSOUTHCOM 4) USAFRICOM 5) USEUCOM 6) USCENTCOM

What is the difference between a Field Army and Theater Army?

A Field Army is a warfighting HQ focused on defeating a peer adversary within an AOR.

What is a Joint Interagency Task Force?

A Formal organization usually chartered by the DOD and 1 or more USG civilian department or agency to achieve unity of effort.

What are Multinational Operations?

A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations.

What is COCOM and authorities does it include?

A command relationship that equates to owning forces. It is only vested in commanders of combatant commands. •PPBE input •Assignment of subordinate commanders •Relations with Department of Defense agencies •Directive authority for logistics •Authoritative direction for all operations and joint training •Organize and employ commands and forces •Assign command functions to subordinates •Suspend subordinate commanders from duty •Local direction and control of movements or maneuvers

What is a joint force?

A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force commander.

What is a Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)?

A private, self-governing, not-for-profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering; and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and civil society.

What is a Major Operation?

A series of tactical actions, such as battles, engagements, and strikes, and is the primary building block of a campaign.

What is a Joint Security Area (JSA)?

A specific surface area designated by the JFC to facilitate protection of joint bases that support joint operations.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of an Integrated Command Structure?

Advantages: • Single Combined Commander has either OPCON/ TACON of both US and partner forces (unity of effort). • Command structure allows commander to draw on expertise from allied forces. Allows greater range of military capabilities and options. Disadvantages: • Larger staff required to ensure coordinated is completed among integrated staff members. • Depending upon level of integration, logistical support might be more difficult.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of a Lead Nation Command Structure?

Advantages: •Easy to organize due to less integration. •Smaller Headquarters staff required. Disadvantages: •Legitimacy is suspect because the lead nation is the focal point and seen as the nation making the decisions. •Difficult to share information and intelligence due to lack of integration.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of a Parallel Command Structure?

Advantages: •Greater staff effectiveness within each nation's militaries. •Ability to sustain the force easier because each nation is separate and maintains own separate support structure. Disadvantages: •Command structure complicates decision making process. •Coordination more difficult when synchronizing between US and coalition forces.

What does a Lead Nation Command Structure look like?

All member nations place forces under the control of one nation. Subordinate elements maintain strict national integrity.

Does a systems perspective apply at the strategic, operational, or tactical level? Why?

All to a varying degree as it assists with unified action D3A, F2T2EA, F3EAD, KLE.

What is a Contiguous Operational Area?

An Area of Operation that is separated by boundaries.

What is a Coalition?

An arrangement between two or more nations for common action. Coalitions are typically ad hoc; formed by different nations, often with different objectives; usually for a single problem or issue, while addressing a narrow sector of common interest.

What is a Joint Interagency Coordination Group?

An interagency staff group designed to be a forum for joint force commands to collaborate with USG departments and agencies.

What are joint operations?

An operation in which 2 or more military services are working together on a mission/operation.

What are National Caveats?

Any limitation, restriction or constraint by a nation on its military forces.

What is meant by the term "Operational Area"?

Areas where operations are being conducted within an AOR.

What is the difference between CJTF and JTF?

CJTF has multiple countries and components involved. JTF has multiple components, not countries.

What do Military Engagement do in terms of ROMO?

Can reduce tensions and may preclude conflict; or, if conflict is unavoidable, allow a more informed USG to enter into it with stronger alliances or coalitions.

What is an Army Service Component Command (ASCC) and what is its purpose?

Command responsible for recommendations to the joint force commander on the allocation and employment of Army forces within a combatant command. Provides daily operational level support involving force generation, setting the theater, and sustainment during large-scale combat operations and campaigns.

Who fights wars? Services or components of the services?

Components. Services train and equip forces.

Who manages America's relationships with foreign governments, international organizations, and the people of other countries?

Department of State

What is a OPCON relationship, and what authorities does it include?

Equates to leasing forces allowing a JFC maximum control without the burden of support. Typically given to JFCs subordinate to CCDRs. It does not include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. •Authoritative direction for all military operations and joint training •Organize and employ commands and forces •Assign command functions to subordinates •Establish plans/requirements for ISR activity •Suspend subordinate commanders from duty •Local direction and control of movements or maneuvers to accomplish mission •Aid, assist, protect, or sustain another organization

What is a TACON relationship, and what authorities does it include?

Equates to the short-term rental of forces - allows a JFC to control and employ assets of another CCDR. Does not include organizational authority. Typically exercised by functional component commanders over military capabilities or forces made available to the functional component for tasking. •Local direction and control of movements or maneuvers to accomplish mission •Aid, assist, protect, or sustain another organization

What separates functional combatant commanders from regional combatant commanders?

Functional are not defined by geography. SOCOM, TRANSCOM...

What is the Primary Duty of the Multinational Force Commander?

His primary duty is to unify the efforts of the multinational force toward common objectives.

What is an Area of Operations?

Is an Operational Area defined by the Joint Force Commander for Land and Maritime Forces that should be large enough to accomplish their Missions and Protect their Forces

What is the purpose of having a systems perspective?

It facilitates operational design and joint operations planning by providing the JFC and staff with a common frame of reference for collaboration with interorganizational and multinational partners to determine and coordinate actions that are beyond the JFCs command authority.

How does Security Cooperation assist during ROMO activities?

It is a key element of global and theater shaping activities.

How does deterrence assist during ROMO activities?

It prevents adversary action through the presentation of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction and belief that the cost of the action outweighs the perceived benefits.

What is the role of USAID?

Leads international development & humanitarian efforts to save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance and help people progress beyond assistance.

What are the 9 Principles of War?

MOSSE-MUSS 1) Mass 2) Offensive 3) Objective 4) Security 5) Economy of Force 6) Maneuver 7) Unity of Command 8) Surprise 9) Simplicity

What are the 12 principles of Joint Operations?

MOSSE-MUSS-RPL 1) Mass 2) Offensive 3) Objective 4) Security 5) Economy of Force 6) Maneuver 7) Unity of Command 8) Surprise 9) Simplicity 10) Restraint 11) Perseverance 12) Legitimacy

What are the Tenets of Multinational Operations?

MR. KRPT 1) Mission Focus 2) Respect 3) Knowledge of Partners 4) Rapport 5) Patience 6) Trust and Confidence

What are Coalition Operations?

Multinational Operations conducted with units from two or more coalition members.

What does a Parallel Command Structure look like?

No single force commander is designated. The MNF leadership must develop a means for coordination among participants to achieve unity of effort. This can be accomplished through the use of coordination centers. Should be avoided, if at all possible.

At what level are joint operations Conducted?

Operational

At what level of war are campaigns and major operations planned, conducted, and sustained?

Operational Level of War

What are Peace Operations (PO)?

Operations to contain conflict, restore peace, and shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding and facilitate transition to legitimate governance. PO includes: Peacekeeping ops (PKO), Peace enforcement ops (PEO), Peacemaking (PM), and Conflict prevention.

What are Recovey Operations?

Operations to search for, locate, identify, recover, and return isolated personnel, sensitive equipment, items critical to national security or human remains.

What are some tools available to planners to assist with arranging operations?

Phasing, Branches and Sequels, Operational Pauses...

Why do we have the principles of Restraint, perseverance and legitimacy within the principles of war to comprise "Principles of Joint Operations?"

Proportionality for Funding Maintain Commitment Maintain image to maintain commitment to fight with partners

What is the purpose of command relationships for Joint Force Commands?

Provide authorities to the combatant commander on use of forces.

How do the factors of time, space and purpose inform Joint Operations?

Provides planning guidance for resources.

In the context of the ROMO, what do Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence focus on?

Routine contact and interaction between individuals or elements of US Armed Forces and another nation's armed forces or civilian authorities.

At what level of war are battles and engagements planned and executed?

Tactical level of War

What is an ARFOR Headquarters?

The Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational command. It identifies requirements and establishes priorities for sustainment of Army forces in the Joint Operational Area and coordinates with the Theater Army (ASCC) for sustainment support.

What is the focal point for interagency coordination within a country?

The Embassy

What includes all member states and is the UN's main deliberative body?

The General Assembly

Who manages the UFTL program for the CJCS?

The J7 manages the program for the CJCS.

What does an Integrated Command Structure look like?

The Strategic Commander is designated from a single nation but the strategic command staff and the commanders and staffs are of multinational make-up.

What is Unified Action?

The Synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operation to achieve unity of effort.

What is the role of the Land Component Commander?

The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for recommending the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking land forces; planning and coordinating land operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned.

What is an ADCON relationship?

The direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations with respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations. Will be in a supporting Role.

What is Command and Control?

The exercise of authority and direction by a commander over assigned and attached forces to accomplish the mission.

What is the goal of cross domain synergy?

The goal is to establish superiority in some combination of domains to provide the freedom of action required by a mission.

Who provides administrative and logistics support to Joint Commands?

The individual service component.

What is Interorganizational Cooperation?

The interaction that occurs among elements of DoD, participating USG departments and agencies, state, territorial, local, tribal agencies; foreign military forces and government agencies; international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.

What is Interagency Coordination?

The interaction that occurs between agencies of the U.S. Government, including the Department of Defense for the purpose of achieving an objective.

What is the Strategic Level of War?

The level of war at which a nation, often as a member or a group of nations, determines national or multinational strategic objectives and guidance, then develops and uses national resources to achieve these objectives.

What is the Tactical Level of War?

The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to achieve military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces.

What is the Operational level of War?

The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and sustained to achieve strategic objectives within theaters or other operational areas.

What is Unity of Command?

The operation of all forces under a single responsible commander who has the requisite authority to direct and employ those forces in pursuit of common purpose.

Who is a Senior Defense Official/Defense Attaché?

The primary point of entry for the joint command into the country team.

What is an alliance?

The relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.

What does every geographical & functional combatant commander have assigned?

Theater Army Headquarters serving as the Army Service Component Command (ASCC).

Why are specific national security functions assigned to services?

They are assigned so services can focus resources, develop doctrine, and ultimately achieve unified actions and unity of effort across the departments.

What do joint operations focus on?

They focus on the integrated actions of the Armed Forces of the US in a unified effort.

What are systems for?

To determine a solution to an identified problem. We use them to project power.

What authorities does a support relationship include?

Unless limited by the establishing directive, the supported commander will have the authority to exercise general direction of the supporting effort, which can include: 1) The designation and prioritization of targets or objectives 2) Timing and duration of the supporting action 3) Other instructions necessary for coordination and efficiency Each subordinate element of the joint force can support or be supported by other elements.

What is a Combined Operation?

When two or more forces or agencies of two or more allies operating together.

What is Unity of Effort?

coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization—the product of successful unified action