CADS exam 2!

we waste almost a _____ of food while nearly 10% of the world's population go hungry

we waste almost a third of food while nearly 10% of the world's population go hungry

four elements of product design - utilitarian function

what does the product do, how does it do it, how well does it do it, is it comfortable, is it durable?

during the time of the Lowell factory mills, the work force was mostly made up of

young girls

Robert Edward Freeman business concept/theory

Stakeholder theory

eco-efficiency

doing more with less; being less bad

eco-effectiveness

emulating natural systems

ISO Standards focus on

environmental, economic, and social impacts

If we only achieve the Economic + Social pillars, what would be the result:

equitable

ESG - social

examines how a company manages its relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the community -health and wellbeing, building safety, employee relations, diversity, and impact on communities

T/F: The UN Global Compact is a regulatory body that ensures businesses are addressing the triple bottom line of sustainability.

false

T/F: in many countries, eco-labeling is mandatory

false

true/false: The Millennium Development Goals address economic development, social development, and environmental protection for all countries.

false

true/false: Frances Lowell was known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"

false,

true/false: before the 1970s, the term "sustainability" had not been introduced by experts

false, it was first used in the 1700s

true/false: One of the pros of recycling is that the upfront costs are low.

false, its a con

true/false: as the industrial revolution continued, retail markets started moving away from centralized commerce and started developing into decentralized commerce.

false, retail markets started moving towards a centralized commerce and away from decentralized

decomposers

fungi and bacteria that break down material to basic building blocks, using up remaining energy and making the physical building blocks available for use by primary producers

Which part of ESG examines board diversity?

governance

four elements of product design - emotional attitude

how a product strikes the consumer when they see it

four elements of product design - belief/purpose

how the consumer sees the world. what is their belief system?

a methodology to measure a product's environmental impacts

life cycle assessment

sustainable businesses consider the triple bottom line (John Elkington, 1997), which includes

social responsibility, environmental concern, and profitability

studies indicate eating less ______ and _______ can reduce an individual's environmental impact

studies indicate eating less meat and dairy can reduce an individual's environmental impact

downcycling definition

process of converting materials into lower qualities than the original material

recycling definition

process of converting waste materials into new materials

ISO group of standards - type 3

quantified and verified; based on lifecycle assessment (LCA)

sustainability

refers to the ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time -in business and policy contexts, sustainability seeks to prevent the depletion of natural or physical resources, so that they will remain available for the long term

In the C2C reading, the four R's of sustainability are stated as: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and:

regulate

investors are an example of

resource drivers

ISO group of standards - type 2

self declaration claims by producer

Which part of ESG examines employee relations?

social

Which part of ESG examines how a company manages relationships with employees, suppliers, and customers?

social

According to the Elements of Product Design, when we use a product on what levels do we identify with it? (Click all that apply.)

- utilitarian function - cultural style - emotional attitude

for the ISO group of standards, manufacturers often have to pay a fee to cover what?

-cost of assessment -permission to use the label with legally binding contract

Product Design Models

1. Industrial Design Process (Archer 1985) 2. Apparel Design Process (Lamb and Kallal 1992) 3. Three Stage Design Process (LaBat and Sokolowski 1999)

Industrial Design Process (Archer, 1985)

1. analytic phase 2. creative phase 3. executive phase

two types of material flows

1. biological: useful for the biosphere 2. technical: useful for industrial processes

product environmental standards - main factors that define a successful eco-label

1. consumer awareness and understanding 2. consumer confidence 3. consumer willingness to pay for an eco-labelled product

Three Stage Design Process (LaBat and Sokolowski, 1999)

1. define the problem and research 2. creative exploration 3. implementation

economic sustainability sub-components

1. jobs 2. incentives 3. supply and demand 4. natural resource accounting 5. costs 6. prices

circular design pillars

1. linear economy: design out waste and pollution 2. recycling economy: keep products and materials in use 3. circular economy: regenerate natural systems

4 main strategies of a circular economy

1. narrowing: decrease material and energy use per product 2. slowing: consuming less and using products longer 3. closing: ensuring both production material, resources, and finished product can be recycled 4. regenerating: cleaner loops and organizations leaving the environment in a better state than it was found

Apparel Design Process (Lamb and Kallal, 1992)

1. problem recognition 2. preliminary ideas 3. design refinement 4. prototype development 5. evaluate 6. implement design

5 benefits of a circular economy for food

1. regenerates natural systems 2. combats climate change 3. improves access to nutritious food 4. supports local communities 5. saves money and creates value

the four elements of product design

1. utilitarian function 2. emotional attitude 3. cultural style 4. belief/purpose

8-10% of ______ are associated with uneaten food

8-10% of greenhouse gas emissions are associated with uneaten food

industrial design process creator

Archer 1985

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development is led by:

CEOs

three stage design process creator

LaBat and Sokolowski 1999

apparel design process creator

Lamb and Kallal 1992

Which of the following options is not one of the three pillars of sustainability?

Which of the following options is not one of the three pillars of sustainability?

cradle to cradle definition

a closed loop - creating products that can be broken down and circulated infinitely

circular economy

a sustainable model of production and consumption -it uses, reuses, repairs, refurbishes, shares, and recycles -this ensures the maximum value is extracted from items with minimal impact and minimal waste

eco-labelling

a voluntary method of environmental (or social) performance certification that is practiced globally - it originates from business awareness of the growing market of environmentally aware consumers

What is the purpose of the World Trade Organization? a. To manage international trade and resolve disputes b. To safeguard its members' freedom and security c. To investigate and try war crimes d. to cooperate on economic, political, and security matters

a. To manage international trade and resolve disputes

What is the purpose of NATO? a. To safeguard its members' freedom and security b. To cooperate on economic, political, and security matters c. to investigate and try war crimes d. to manage international trade and resolve disputes

a. To safeguard its members' freedom and security

unmarketables

contain hazardous materials that need to be safely stored until detoxifying

which of the following is NOT a component of socialism a. supply and demand determines market economy b. equality of wealth distribution c. socio-economic equality d. state controlled means of production

a. supply and demand determines market economy

cradle to grave definition

an open loop process - taking raw materials, creating products, and throwing them away once used

In Cradle to Cradle, the author uses what symbol to help explain eco-effectiveness?

ants

which part of ESG examines how a company manages relationships with employees, suppliers, and customers? a. environmental b. social c. governmental

b. social

If we just achieve the Social + Environmental Sustainability approach, what would be the result?

bearable

social + environmental sustainability =

bearable

According to the Elements of Product Design, how you see the world is the definition of which element?

belief/purpose

stakeholder theory (Robert Edward Freeman, 1984) states that

businesses should consider multiple stakeholders whom are affected by their actions when making strategic decisions, as opposed to merely concentrating on profits for shareholders

Imagine you work for a company that manufactures snowboards in China and sells them in Europe. What is the most efficient way to ship those snowboards from China to Europe?

by ship, loaded into containers

according to the video Lifecycle of a T-shirt, apparel production accounts for what percentage of global carbon emission? a. 20% b. 25% c. 10% d. 30%

c. 10%

Who are members of the International Criminal Court? a. The countries with the twenty largest economies b. Virtually every country in the world c. About half the countries in the world d. Mostly North American and European countries like the United States and France

c. About half the countries in the world

Which of the following claims in support of globalization is supported by evidence? a. Americans with manufacturing jobs have not really been affected. b. American culture is spreading in other countries, but culture in America have not really changed c. Consumers generally have more choice and pay lower prices. d. Globalization will lead to economic equality.

c. Consumers generally have more choice and pay lower prices.

How are most pharmaceuticals manufactured? a. In a number of countries b. Entirely in China c. Designed in the United States and manufactured abroad. d. entirely in the United States

c. Designed in the United States and manufactured abroad.

Which of the following statements about globalization is correct? a. The world was much more globalized centuries ago than it is now. b. Nothing about globalization is new - it is the same it has been for centuries. c. Globalization has been around a long time, but it is faster and more widespread than it was centuries ago. d. Globalization only started in the twentieth century.

c. Globalization has been around a long time, but it is faster and more widespread than it was centuries ago.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of globalization on the movie industry? a. Chinese movies are sometimes changed to attract American audiences. b. American movies are sometimes changed to satisfy Chinese investors and censors. c. The majority of box office revenue for Hollywood now comes from the United States. d. Many films are now coproduced by American and Chinese investors

c. The majority of box office revenue for Hollywood now comes from the United States.

EXAM 2 starts here: Which of the following options is one of the sub-components of the "economic" pillar of sustainability? a. resource integrity b. environmental justice c. natural resource accounting d. resource security

c. natural resource accounting

of the following options, which is not one of the three pillars of sustainability? a. social b. environmental c. political d. economic

c. political

what specific side effect of World War 2 affected consumerism in the US? a. men away at war b. communism c. rationing of goods d. shops being closed

c. rationing of goods

When we measure our ecological footprint, what chemical element is it primarily measuring?

carbon

ESG - environmental

considers how a company performs as a steward of nature - climate change, energy emission, waste management, resource depletion

products of service

customers purchase for a defined user period

Which of the following claims opposed to globalization is supported by evidence? a. Governments cannot do anything to control globalization. b. There may be more choices of things to buy, but they take longer to manufacture and ship from abroad. c. We can stop globalization if we decide to. d. Globalization is making wealthy individuals and corporations wealthier.

d. Globalization is making wealthy individuals and corporations wealthier.

Which of the following is true, based on the experience of French dairy farmers and Mexican avocado growers? a. Globalization always leads to protests. b. Globalization is a positive for farmers with no downsides. c. Globalization has made farmers wealthier. d. Globalization opens new markets but also leads to new risks

d. Globalization opens new markets but also leads to new risks

Which of the following options is one of the sub-components of the "environmental " pillar of sustainability? a. Environmental justice b. Supply and demand c. Natural resource accounting d. Resource integrity

d. Resource integrity

ESG - governance

deals with how a company is governed -executive pay, shareholder rights, board diversity, and structure audits

sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Trade associations are an example of ____, which help firms to internalize sustainability

market drivers

monstrous hybrids

mixtures of materials both technical and biological, neither of which can be salvaged after their current lives

what is the correct order of the typical product lifestyle steps?

natural resources and technical nutrients, manufacturing, retail, use, trash

Developing products which have a limited life span and will need to be replaced is:

planned obsolescence

Vance Packard business concept/theory

planned obsolescence

Which resource was used to make the pages of the physical Cradle to Cradle book?

plastic

four elements of product design - cultural style

the style the consumer identifies with. who is the consumer?

ISO group of standards - type 1

third party verified; indicates overall environmental performance

For an eco-label's success, consumer confidence includes:

transparency

John Elkington business concept/theory

triple bottom line of sustainability

T/F: Honest accounting that abolishes the concept of "free pollution" is one of CERES' four guidance pillars.

true

true/false: An outcome of Eco-efficiency is smaller amounts of useless waste.

true

true/false: Both upcycling and downcycling are important components of a "closed-loop" manufacturing system.

true

true/false: Companies that face environmental risk and liability also face higher insurance premiums.

true

Which type of eco-labels represent self-declared claims made by manufacturers to highlight environmentally friendly aspects of their products:

type 2

_______ converts the material into something of greater value than it originally was

upcycling

If we only achieve the Economic + Environmental pillars, what would be the result:

viable

economic + environmental sustainability =

viable