Carbohydrates and Lipids

Unsaturated Fat

- a fat that contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. -Some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to one another. -The fats in fruit, vegetables, and fish are generally unsaturated, as are corn oil, olive oil, and other vegetable oils.

Lipids

-Oils inability to mix with water is a good example of the hydrophobic 'water fearing' compounds called lipids. -This property is very important to lipid's functions. -act as boundary that surrounds and encapsulates the watery content of your cells. -Some lipids, known as fats, store energy in your body.

Monosaccharides

-Simple sugars contain just one sugar unit -Ex: Glucose, fructose, and galactose -Cells break down glucose sugars for their stored energy. -Glucose molecules that are not used immediately by cells are incorporated into larger carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

-Using the dehydration reaction, cells construct a disaccharide or a "double sugar" from two monosaccharides. -Sucrose is the most common disaccharide. -Sucrose consists of a fructose molecule linked to a glucose molecule. -Once consumed, sucrose is broken down into fructose and glucose for immediate energy.

Saturated Fats

-a fat in which the three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. -In a saturated fat all the carbon atoms in the chain have a single bond with one another. -Most animal fats are saturated, remaining solid at room temperature.

Carbohydrates

-an organic compound made up of sugar molecules. Sugars contain the elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen. -core of a sugar molecules is a carbon skeleton in a ring shape -Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic

Cholesterol

-best known steroid - a molecule found in your membranes that surround your cells. -starting point from which your body produces other steroids. -Cholesterol is necessary, but has a bad reputation as high levels of cholesterol containing substances in your blood are linked to increased rick for heart disease.

Polysaccharides: Starch

-complex carbohydrates-Long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers -Starch is a polysaccharide found in plant cells- consists entirely of glucose monomers. - starch chains serve as sugar stockpiles. Animals (humans) can use the starch as food. Potatoes, rice, and corn are foods rich in starch.

Steroids

-lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings -differ from one another by the location of the functional groups attached to the rings. -classified as lipids b/c they are hydrophobic, but are different from fats in form and function. -Some steroids circulate in your body as chemical signals. Ex. Steroids -Estrogen, a female sex hormone - testosterone, a male sex hormone

Polysaccharides: Cellulose

-polysaccharides in plants are used as building materials - protect cells and stiffen plants. - cellulose is made of glucose monomers. - link together w/ hydrogen bonds forming cable-like fibers in the tough walls of the plants. -Most animals cannot digest cellulose. -Cellulose from plant food ("fiber") passes unchanged through your digestive system. - keeps your digestive system healthy, but does not provide animals nutrients (other than cows and termites).

Polysaccharides: Glycogen

Glycogen-is a chain of many glucose monomers, however the glycogen polymer is highly branched chain while the starch polymer is straight chain. -Animal cells do not contain starch/plant cells do. -Animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide -In humans glycogen is stored in the liver. -When the body needs energy glycogen is broken down releasing glucose.