Cardiac Disorders
What is the etiology of Hypertension?
Primary: Unknown Secondary: Kidney problems and sleep apnea
What is Atrial fibrillation?
Quiver instead of a beat (ineffective heart beat) If not beating properly blood can coagulate in heart and cause blood clot
What is Atrial Flutter?
Rapid/irregular heart rate
What are common signs of Heart Failure?
SOB - Dyspnea Weight gain with edema in feet, ankle, legs or stomach General feeling of weakness and fatigue; intolerance to exercise Coughing
What is Regurgitation?
Valve does not close properly and blood flow leaks back in opposite direction
What is Aortic Aneurysm?
Weakening or building of area of the aorta Can rupture if not treated
What does hypertension increase the risk for?
heart failure, myocardial infarction, kidney failure
What is normal blood pressure?
110/70
What is the prehypertension BP?
120-139/80-89
What is Stage 1 BP?
140-159/90-99
How many people have COPD?
15 million
What is Stage 2 BP?
160 +/ 100+
What is the hypertensive crisis?
180+/ 110+
How many people are diagnosed with heart disease
26.6 million
How many people have heart failure?
5.1 million
How many people die of heart disease every year?
633,842 (1 in 4)
What is Asystole?
Absence of electrical activity (Heart rate will be at Zero)
What are the types of Arrhythmias?
Asystole Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation
What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Atherosclerosis restricts blood flow which leads to a heart attack
What is peripheral Artery Disease?
Blood flow restriction to pelivs and extremities
How can you diagnose Heart failure?
Blood tests to check cardiac enzymes (Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) & Troponins) Chest x-ray ECG/ EKG Echocardiogram Stress Test MRI/CT Coronary angiogram/ cardiac catheterization Myocardial biopsy Clinical Presentation
Should therapy be done after a Myocardial Infarction?
Do blood test to check levels of Serial Troponins (number should be less than .01, do 2 tests to make sure the number is decreasing)
What are the signs of Cardiac Distress?
Changes in vitals Heart palpitations Dysrhythmia Lightheadedness Dizzy Confused Unusual pain or discomfort Feeling Doom Excessive sweating
What is Angina?
Chest pain that happens because of CAD
What are risk factors of Myocardial Infarction?
Cocaine use, Vasculitis, aortic stenosis, aortic root/coronary artery dissection
What is STEMI?
Complete blockage in MI
What are risk factors for End stage heart failure?
Coronary heart disease cardiomyopathy Congential Heart disease/defect Hypertension Diabetes Smoking Poor Diet Physical inactivity Obesity
What are the modifiable risk factors for heart disease?
Diet Physical Activity/ Obesity Smoking Diabetes Hypertension Periodontitis
What are the permanent risk factors for heart disease?
Genetics Gender Age Race/Ethnicity
What is Myocardial infarction (MI)?
Heart Attack Reduce blood flow causes angina blood flow decreases so tissue death occurs
What is the leading cause of deaths in men and women with congestive heart failure?
Heart Disease
What is Cardiomyopathy?
Heart muscle disease Ventricles Hypertrophy Heart muscle becomes enlarged (sometimes scar tissue can replace regular tissue)
What is hypertension?
High Blood pressure Excessive Cardiac output puts too much stress on heart
What is NSTEMI?
Incomplete blockage in MI
What is cardiac Tamponade?
Increase in pericardial fluid that presses on the heart chamber (decreases cardiac output)
What is myocarditis?
Inflammation of heart muscle
What is endocarditis?
Inflammation of...
Why is the number of people with COPD a low number?
Many people do not know they have the disorder
What are the treatments for Heart failure?
Medications ( ACE inhibitors, beta blockers diuretics, blood thinners, inotropes, & digoxin) Devices and Surgical procedures Pacemaker/implantable cardioverter- defibrillator (ICD) Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) Biventricular pacing/ablation Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) -MOST COMMON Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) Heart Transplant Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Stenting Valve repair/replacement Symptom management Life style modifications ( Sodium reduction in diet, physical activity, daily monitoring of symptoms)
What is Prolapse?
Mitral valve cusps only and bulge upwards into left atrium
What is Stenosis?
Narrowing inhibits valves from opening sufficiently and restricts blood flow
What are the valvular heart diseases?
Stenosis, Regurgitation, & Prolapse
When are advanced heart failure symptoms evident?
at rest
What is atherosclerosis?
build up of plaque
