Cardiovascular system
Which of the following correctly describe erythropoietin?
It stimulates the development of erythrocytes.
The movement of ______ is responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle cells.
Na+
The wave of an ECG that reflects the electrical changes of atrial depolarization is the ________ wave.
P
______ is the substance that coats the inner lining of a blood vessel, acting as a platelet repellent.
Prostacyclin
The complex of an ECG that represents the electrical changes that are associated with ventricular depolarization is the ________ complex.
QRS
Administration of ______ to an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus prevents the synthesis of anti-D antibodies to Rh+ fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy.
RhoGAM
True or false: Blood transported to and from the spleen is an example of a simple blood flow pathway.
True
A plasma protein called the von _______ factor, helps create the platelet plug.
Willebrand
A vascular spasm usually lasts ______.
a few minutes
As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called ______.
a rouleau (rouleaux)
Leukocytes are divided into two distinguishable classes called granulocytes and ______.
agranulocytes
The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the ______
albumins
The proteins that exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure are called
albumins
Hormones that help to regulate blood pressure are ______.
aldosterone antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide
Hemocytoblasts give rise to ______.
all formed elements of blood
A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ________ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called ________ chains (globins).
alpha; beta
The left coronary artery typically branches into the ______ interventricular artery and the ______ artery.
anterior; circumflex
A person with type A blood has which surface antigen on its red blood cells?
antigen A
Blood pressure is highest in the ______.
arteries
what are the smallest arteries?
arterioles
Capillaries connect ______.
arterioles and venules
Toward the end of ventricular filling, the left and right ______ contract simultaneously.
atria
The fibrous skeleton of the heart is located between the ______.
atria and ventricles
When the ______ contract, blood is forced into the ______ through the open AV valves.
atria; ventricles
The wrinkled flap-like extensions visible in the anterior view of the heart are the _______ .
auricle
The heart is innervated by the ______ nervous system.
autonomic
The posterior-superior surface of the heart is called the ______.
base
The least abundant white blood cell in circulating blood is the _______.
basophils
The nucleus of an eosinophil is normally ______
bilobed
The nucleus of an eosinophil is(are) ______.
bilobed, dark-staining, surrounded by reddish cytoplasmic granules
The main function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate ______ throughout the body.
blood
Which of the following transports formed elements and dissolved molecules throughout the body and serves as a general "delivery system" for the body?
blood
The change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end is called a ______.
blood pressure gradient
______ shorten as a result of sarcomeres shortening.
both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells
Organs that are highly active metabolically are highly vascularized. Which organs are very metabolically active?
brain liver skeletal muscle heart
Oxygenated blood appears ______ red.
bright
The movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient is called ________ flow.
bulk
Blood coagulation is a process that requires ______, clotting factors, platelets and vitamin ______.
calcium; K
The smallest blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are the ______.
capillaries
Which have the largest total cross-sectional areas?
capillaries
Net filtration pressure refers to the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure across a ______ membrane.
capillary
The time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next is called a(n) cycle.
cardiac
Total blood flow equals ______ output.
cardiac
______ cells cannot exhibit tetany.
cardiac muscle
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute is defined as ________ ________ .
cardiac output
When you arise from a sitting to a standing position, ______ is altered to maintain blood pressure.
cardiac output
_______ _______ is a measure of how effective the cardiovascular system is in fulfilling its function in transporting life supporting substances through the body.
cardiac output
The cardiac center and the vasomotor center are called the ________ center.
cardiovascular
The process whereby leukocytes are attracted to molecules produced by damaged or dying cells or by invading pathogens is called ______.
chemotaxis
The ______ system is responsible for the transport of blood in the body.
circulatory
Electrical activity is started at the SA node, which causes an action potential to spread through the heart through the ______.
conduction system
The ______ delivers oxygen-rich blood to the thick heart wall while the ______ carries the deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall.
coronary arteries; coronary veins
A(n) ______ is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO.
decrease in blood oxygen
A vascular spasm ______ the amount of blood flowing through the blood vessel.
decreases
After delivering some oxygen to body cells, blood is no longer saturated with oxygen and is said to be ______.
deoxygenated
Dark red blood is ______.
deoxygenated
Nodal cells in the SA initiate a heartbeat by spontaneously _______ to generate an action potential.
depolarizing
Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called ______ whereby they squeeze between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls.
diapedesis
When substances such as oxygen and nutrients move from high concentrations in the blood to low concentrations in the tissue cells, it is called ________.
diffusion
Exchange processes that occur in capillaries include ______.
diffusion bulk flow vesicular transport
Bulk flow refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction a _________ pressure gradient.
down
The amount of blood in the ventricles immediately prior to initiation of contraction is called _______ ________ volume.
end diastolic
The heart wall consists of three distinctive layers: _______ , _______ , and endocardium.
epicardium; myocardium
The outermost heart layer of the heart wall is the ______ and is also known as the ______ layer of the serous pericardium.
epicardium; visceral
Cells called _______ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and the lungs.
erythrocytes
The general classes of the cell components of whole blood are ______.
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
When a blood smear is stained, platelets ______.
exhibit a dark central region
True or false: As a person ages, yellow bone marrow is normally replaced with red bone marrow.
false
Which are types of capillaries?
fenestrated sinusoids continuous
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called _______.
fibrinolysis
The _____ of the heart is formed from dense irregular connective tissue.
fibrous skeleton
Whole blood consists of ______.
formed elements and plasma
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of _______ oxygen molecules.
four
______ do(es) not contribute to the ability of a cardiac muscle to meet its energy demands.
glycolytic enzymes
White blood cells that have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope are called
granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
When a person's neutrophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently ______.
had a bacterial infection
Redistribution of blood flow, due to sympathetic stimulation, increases blood flow to which organs?
heart skeletal muscle
Associated with each globin polypeptide of hemoglobin is a ring-shaped, non-protein structure called a ______ group, at the center of which is ______.
heme; an iron ion
When alpha vasomotor receptors are stimulated, resistance is ______ and blood pressure ______.
increased; rises
An increase in cardiac output, resistance, or blood volume ______ blood pressure.
increases
Vasoconstriction of veins shift blood from venous reservoirs and circulating blood volume ______.
increases
As the blood pressure gradient ______, total blood flow is ______.
increases; greater
The apex of the heart is the ______.
inferior and conical end of the heart
Hemostasis occurs in an ______ blood vessel.
injured
The right and left ventricles are separated by the ______.
interventricular septum
The position of the interventricular septum is deep to the ______ located on the heart's superficial surface.
interventricular sulci
When transported by hemoglobin, oxygen binds weakly with the ______.
iron ion of each heme group
When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ______.
is deep red in color
Oxygenated blood is transported from the lungs to the ______ side of the heart.
left
The circumflex artery supplies blood to the ______ ventricle.
left
As the cardiac cycle begins, the semilunar valves are closed because the pressure exerted by the blood in the ventricles is ________ than the pressure the blood exerts in the great arteries.
lesser
The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the ______.
leukocytes
The 15% to 20% of the fluid that isn't reabsorbed into the capillary is picked up by the _______ ________ and filtered before it is returned to the blood.
lymphatic system
The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called _______.
macrophages
The right coronary artery typically branches into the right ______ artery, which supplies the lateral wall of the right ventricle, and the posterior ______ artery, which supplies the posterior surface of both the left and right ventricles.
marginal; interventricular
The three tunics of a blood vessel wall are the tunica intima, tunica ______, and tunica externa.
media
Short-term regulation of blood pressure occurs through autonomic reflexes involving nuclei within the ______. Multiple choice question.
medulla oblangata
The cardiac center is within the ______.
medulla oblongata
The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a ______ because it can differentiate into many different kinds of cells.
multipotent stem cell
Regulation of blood pressure occurs through short-term mechanisms of the ______ system and/or long-term mechanisms of the ______ system.
nervous; endocrine
The pressure that is the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is called ________ filtration pressure.
net
The pressure that is the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is called _________ filtration pressure.
net
The most abundant type of leukocyte in the blood is the ______.
neutrophil
The number of ___________ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of an acute bacterial infection, as more are produced that target the bacteria.
neutrophil
______ in the SA node are the pacemaker cells that initiate a heartbeat.
nodal cells
Arterioles are
not named
The vasomotor center has ______ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels.
only sympathetic
The pericardium of the heart includes an ______ fibrous layer and an ______ serous membrane.
outer; inner
The binding of ______ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color.
oxygen
When the maximum amount of oxygen is being transported by blood - that is, when blood is saturated with oxygen - it is said to be _________.
oxygenated
Which type of blood flows through the left atrium?
oxygenated
A common error is to describe arteries as the vessels that always transport ______ blood instead of describing it as a vessel that takes blood ______ from the heart.
oxygenated; away
The ability to reach threshold without stimulation is called the ___________ of the SA node.
pacemaker potential
Like the right atrium, the left atrium also has ______ in its auricle.
pectinate muscles
The specific amount of blood entering the capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue is called _______ .
perfusion
The ultimate goal of the cardiovascular system is for adequate _______ of all tissues.
perfusion
The heart is surrounded by a visceral and parietal ______.
pericardium
The function(s) of neutrophils is to ______.
phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" because ______.
platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles
The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh positive (Rh+) ______ antigen D.
possess
Openings of ______ are visible in the left atrium.
pulmonary veins
The cardiovascular system consists of two circulations: the ______ circulation and the ______ circulation
pulmonary; systemic
An erythrocyte is a ______.
red blood cell
The friction due to the contact between the blood and the blood vessel wall is ________ .
resistance
The _____ atrium and ventricle are prominent when viewing the heart from the anterior view.
right
Which side of the heart is more visible from an anterior view?
right
The right atrioventricular opening is covered by the ______ valve.
right atrioventricular tricuspid
Vasoconstriction of veins shifts blood from venous reservoirs and blood pressure ______.
rises
In the heart, action potentials spread across the ______ of cardiac muscle cells, causing them to contract.
sarcolemma
Which of the following are part of the cardiac muscle cells?
sarcolemma myofibrils T tubules
The greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus occurs in which of the following conditions?
second pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus
The two categories of heart valves are ______.
semilunar and atrioventricular
Plasma and interstitial fluid have ______ concentrations of nutrients and waste products.
similar
One artery, a capillary bed, and one vein associated with an organ describe a ______ pathway of blood flow.
simple
The heartbeat is initiated by the specialized cardiac muscle cells of the ______, which are located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the ______.
sinoatrial node; superior vena cava
The contraction of a heart chamber is called ______.
systole
The purpose for the delay in the conduction of the action potential from the AV node to the bundle branches of the ventricles is to allow ______, before the ventricles contract.
the atria to complete their contraction
The function of capillaries is ______.
the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues
Old and/or damaged erythrocytes are removed from circulation as they pass through ______.
the liver and spleen
Platelets are also called ______.
thrombocytes
True or false: Clotting factor numbers are in order of their discovery and not their position in the clotting pathway.
true
True or false: The average cardiac output at rest is 5.25 liters per minute and may substantially increase during exercise.
true
The walls of capillaries contain only the _______ intima allowing for rapid gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues.
tunica
What is the only tunic present in capillaries?
tunica intima
The chemicals that alter local blood flow are collectively called ______ chemicals.
vasoactive
Two distinct groups of autonomic nuclei participate in the regulation of blood pressure; specifically the ________ center and the ________ center.
vasomotor; cardiac
Which two have similar cross-sectional areas?
veins arteries
Which are the major classes of blood vessels?
veins capillaries arteries
The companion vessels to the arterioles are the _______.
venules
The smallest veins are the ______.
venules
The first cells to make blood in an embryo are located in the ______.
yolk sac
Passive filling of the ventricles through the open _______ valves occurs at the beginning of the cardiac cycle while the ventricles are in ________ .
AV; relaxation
______ is a contractile protein that squeezes the serum out of a developing blood clot.
Actinomyosin
True or false: Large solutes may diffuse via the endothelial cells or intercellular clefts.
False
True or false: Neurons have a pacemaker potential.
False
True or false: The heart myocardium is nourished primarily through the diffusion of nutrients from the blood in the heart chambers.
False
When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently ______.
- been infected by a parasitic worm - had an allergic reaction (to pollen, for example)
In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be basophils.
0.5 - 1%
In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be eosinophils.
1 - 4%
Order the steps of hemostasis from earliest to latest events.
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation
Eosinophils are about _______ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte, and while both of these formed elements have the color red in common, the color of erythrocytes is due to hemoglobin and the color of eosinophils is due to the staining properties of cytoplasmic _______, which otherwise would be colorless.
1.5; granules
In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be monocytes.
2 - 8%
In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be lymphocytes.
20-40%
The average normal adult heart weighs about ______ grams.
300
In the blood of a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be neutrophils.
50 - 70%
Stroke volume (SV) in a healthy adult is approximately ______.
70 mL
The capillary typically reabsorbs only about ______ of the fluid that has passed into the interstitial fluid.
75%-85%
