Cardiovascular System - The Heart (Chapter 18)

The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart. (True or False)

False, The base is located at the top of the heart.

What physically and electrically separates the atria from the ventricles and serves as the attachment site for the valves of the heart?

Fibrous endoskeleton

What is the remnant of the hole between the right and left atria?

Fossa ovalis

Refers to the property of cardiac muscle depolarizing and contracting as a unit.

Functional syncytium

The _____ cardiac vein runs with the anterior interventricular artery.

Great

The cardiovascular system consists of a pump called the ______ and tubes called ________ ________.

Heart, Blood vessels

Cardiac muscle structures that physically and electrically connect cells.

Intercalated discs

What is the muscular partition that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

Interventricular septum

The ____ ____ artery subdivides into a circumflex artery and a(n) ______ interventricular artery.

Left Coronary, Anterior

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

Left atrium

What is the most muscular chamber of the heart?

Left ventricle

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

Left ventricle

The _____ ventricle pumps blood out the _____ to the tissues.

Left, Aorta

The systemic circulation occurs between the _____ ventricle and the ______ atrium.

Left, Right

Contraction of what muscle helps keep the atrioventicular valves closed?

Papillary

What muscle allows the atria to be more distensible with thinner walls while still capable of increasing pressure during contraction?

Pectinate

Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.

Pectinate muscles

Serous fluid is secreted in the _______ cavity by the parietal and visceral pericardium.

Pericardial

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart.

Pericarditis

The fibrous ______ is a connective tissue membrane surrounding the heart that anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity.

Pericardium

What is the function of the coronary circulation?

Provide a blood supply to the heart

The ________ circulation transports blood to the lungs for oxygenation and CO2 removal.

Pulmonary

The left atrium receives blood from the lungs through the:

Pulmonary Veins

Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.

Pulmonary semilunar valve

The right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs through the ______ ________ which divides into a right and left ______ _______.

Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary artery

What is the name of the right semilunar valve?

Pulmonary valve

What valve prevents blood flow from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve

Blood returns from the pulmonary circulation through the ______ veins to the _____ Atrium.

Pulmonary, Left

Muscle bundles in the ventricles which increase contraction force without making the wall enormously thick.

Trabeculae carneae

Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.

Trabeculae carneae

What is the name of the right atrioventricualr (AV) valve?

Tricuspid valve

What valve prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

Tricuspid valve

What regulatory protein blocks myosin binding sites?

Tropomyosin

What regulatory protein binds calcium to change shape and shift another regulatory protein to uncover myosin bind sites?

Troponin

Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed (True or False)

True

The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human. (True or False)

True

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

Two

The vessels that transport blood to the heart.

Veins

The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior ______ ______ , and the _______ sinus.

Vena cava, Coronary

Blood returns from the systemic circulation through the ____ ____ to the ____ atrium

Vena cava, Right

The chambers that pump blood to the arterial system.

Ventricles

What is happening during the "pause" phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)?

Ventricles are filling.

What causes the abnormal swishing or whooshing sound that is heard as blood regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle?

blood turbulence

What carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium?

coronary sinus

Name the inner lining of the heart

endocardium

The ____ cardiac vein runs with the posterior interventricular artery.

Middle

The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

What is the name of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve?

Mitral valve

What valve prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Mitral valve

What is the middle layer of the heart and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle?

Myocardium

Activation of skeletal muscle requires the ____________ _______________while cardiac muscle is activated by __________ __________ of the specialized cardiac muscle.

Neuromuscular junction, Pacemaker cells

What layer of the heart is the epicardium?

Outermost layer

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

remnant of ductus arteriosus

Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?

right ventricle

What carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium?

superior vena cava

Identify the right atrioventricular valve.

tricuspid valve

The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart. (True or False)

False

Blood flow through the heart (study)

All systemic veins return oxygen-poor venous flow to the right atrium, through the tricuspid to the right ventricle, and up and out the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to the capillaries of the lungs. Returning oxygen-rich blood flowing through pulmonary veins enters the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and flows out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and on to systemic capillaries.

The ____ cardiac vein generally drains directly into the right atrium.

Anterior

The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the:

Aorta

The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle.

Aortic semilunar valve

What is the name of the left semilunar valve?

Aortic valve

What valve prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle?

Aortic valve

The thicker walled chambers near the _____ of the heart are the right and left ventricle.

Apex

The vessels that transport blood away from the heart

Arteries

Unlike the systemic circulation, pulmonary _____ carry deoxygenated blood and pulmonary ____ carry oxygenated blood.

Arteries, Veins

The chambers that receive blood from the venous system.

Atria

Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the h

Auricle

The thinner walled chambers near the ______ of the heart are the right and left atria.

Base

What is the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Bicuspid (mitral) Valve

The coupling agent between excitation and contraction is the release of _______ ions triggered by an action potential.

Calcium

A dangerous condition in which blood or other fluids accumulate around the heart to limit its pumping ability.

Cardiac Tamponade

What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?

Chordae tendineae

The ________ artery follows the along the coronary sulcus on the left side of the heart.

Circumflex

What circulation provides blood flow to the heart muscle?

Coronary

A procedure to unblock fatty plaques and enlarge the coronary arteries.

Coronary angioplasty

A procedure to use veins to bypass blockage sites on the coronary arteries.

Coronary bypass

Most cardiac veins drain into a sac-like structure on the posterior surface of the heart called the _____ ______.

Coronary sinus

During a muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens due to what?

Cross bridge cycling

What is the inner heart surface and is composed of simple squamous epithelium?

Endocardium

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

Epicardium

Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart. (True or False)

False

Cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetanic contractions because of a long _________ ___________.

Refractory period

The ____ ____ artery subdivides into a marginal artery and a(n) _____ interventricular artery.

Right Coronary, Posterior

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

Right atrium

The _______ ________artery follows the along the coronary sulcus on the right side of the heart.

Right coronary

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

Right ventricle

The pulmonary circulation occurs between the ________ ventricle and the ______ atrium.

Right, Left

The _____ ventricle pumps blood out the __________ ____ to the lungs.

Right, Pulmonary Trunk

During a muscle contraction, the ________ shortens due to Cross bridge cycling.

Sarcomere

What kind of membrane is the epicardium?

Serous

The presence of alternate dark and light stripes allows for the ______ ________ _________ of muscle contraction .

Sliding filament mechanism

The _____ cardiac vein runs with the marginal artery.

Small

Both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle contain stripes called:

Striations

The _________ circulation transports blood to provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues.

Systemic

The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart.

Systemic capillaries

The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues

aorta

What carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium?

inferior vena cava

What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?

left ventricle

The ____ ventricle is much thicker than the _____ ventricle and develops the greatest pressure.

left, right