Cardiovascular System - The Heart (Chapter 18)
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart. (True or False)
False, The base is located at the top of the heart.
What physically and electrically separates the atria from the ventricles and serves as the attachment site for the valves of the heart?
Fibrous endoskeleton
What is the remnant of the hole between the right and left atria?
Fossa ovalis
Refers to the property of cardiac muscle depolarizing and contracting as a unit.
Functional syncytium
The _____ cardiac vein runs with the anterior interventricular artery.
Great
The cardiovascular system consists of a pump called the ______ and tubes called ________ ________.
Heart, Blood vessels
Cardiac muscle structures that physically and electrically connect cells.
Intercalated discs
What is the muscular partition that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle?
Interventricular septum
The ____ ____ artery subdivides into a circumflex artery and a(n) ______ interventricular artery.
Left Coronary, Anterior
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What is the most muscular chamber of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
Left ventricle
The _____ ventricle pumps blood out the _____ to the tissues.
Left, Aorta
The systemic circulation occurs between the _____ ventricle and the ______ atrium.
Left, Right
Contraction of what muscle helps keep the atrioventicular valves closed?
Papillary
What muscle allows the atria to be more distensible with thinner walls while still capable of increasing pressure during contraction?
Pectinate
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
Pectinate muscles
Serous fluid is secreted in the _______ cavity by the parietal and visceral pericardium.
Pericardial
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart.
Pericarditis
The fibrous ______ is a connective tissue membrane surrounding the heart that anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity.
Pericardium
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
Provide a blood supply to the heart
The ________ circulation transports blood to the lungs for oxygenation and CO2 removal.
Pulmonary
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs through the:
Pulmonary Veins
Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
The right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs through the ______ ________ which divides into a right and left ______ _______.
Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary artery
What is the name of the right semilunar valve?
Pulmonary valve
What valve prevents blood flow from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle?
Pulmonary valve
Blood returns from the pulmonary circulation through the ______ veins to the _____ Atrium.
Pulmonary, Left
Muscle bundles in the ventricles which increase contraction force without making the wall enormously thick.
Trabeculae carneae
Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
Trabeculae carneae
What is the name of the right atrioventricualr (AV) valve?
Tricuspid valve
What valve prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve
What regulatory protein blocks myosin binding sites?
Tropomyosin
What regulatory protein binds calcium to change shape and shift another regulatory protein to uncover myosin bind sites?
Troponin
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed (True or False)
True
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human. (True or False)
True
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
Two
The vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Veins
The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior ______ ______ , and the _______ sinus.
Vena cava, Coronary
Blood returns from the systemic circulation through the ____ ____ to the ____ atrium
Vena cava, Right
The chambers that pump blood to the arterial system.
Ventricles
What is happening during the "pause" phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)?
Ventricles are filling.
What causes the abnormal swishing or whooshing sound that is heard as blood regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle?
blood turbulence
What carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium?
coronary sinus
Name the inner lining of the heart
endocardium
The ____ cardiac vein runs with the posterior interventricular artery.
Middle
The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
What is the name of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Mitral valve
What valve prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
Mitral valve
What is the middle layer of the heart and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle?
Myocardium
Activation of skeletal muscle requires the ____________ _______________while cardiac muscle is activated by __________ __________ of the specialized cardiac muscle.
Neuromuscular junction, Pacemaker cells
What layer of the heart is the epicardium?
Outermost layer
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
remnant of ductus arteriosus
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
What carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium?
superior vena cava
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
tricuspid valve
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart. (True or False)
False
Blood flow through the heart (study)
All systemic veins return oxygen-poor venous flow to the right atrium, through the tricuspid to the right ventricle, and up and out the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to the capillaries of the lungs. Returning oxygen-rich blood flowing through pulmonary veins enters the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and flows out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and on to systemic capillaries.
The ____ cardiac vein generally drains directly into the right atrium.
Anterior
The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the:
Aorta
The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle.
Aortic semilunar valve
What is the name of the left semilunar valve?
Aortic valve
What valve prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
The thicker walled chambers near the _____ of the heart are the right and left ventricle.
Apex
The vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
Unlike the systemic circulation, pulmonary _____ carry deoxygenated blood and pulmonary ____ carry oxygenated blood.
Arteries, Veins
The chambers that receive blood from the venous system.
Atria
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the h
Auricle
The thinner walled chambers near the ______ of the heart are the right and left atria.
Base
What is the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
The coupling agent between excitation and contraction is the release of _______ ions triggered by an action potential.
Calcium
A dangerous condition in which blood or other fluids accumulate around the heart to limit its pumping ability.
Cardiac Tamponade
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
Chordae tendineae
The ________ artery follows the along the coronary sulcus on the left side of the heart.
Circumflex
What circulation provides blood flow to the heart muscle?
Coronary
A procedure to unblock fatty plaques and enlarge the coronary arteries.
Coronary angioplasty
A procedure to use veins to bypass blockage sites on the coronary arteries.
Coronary bypass
Most cardiac veins drain into a sac-like structure on the posterior surface of the heart called the _____ ______.
Coronary sinus
During a muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens due to what?
Cross bridge cycling
What is the inner heart surface and is composed of simple squamous epithelium?
Endocardium
What is another name for the visceral pericardium?
Epicardium
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart. (True or False)
False
Cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetanic contractions because of a long _________ ___________.
Refractory period
The ____ ____ artery subdivides into a marginal artery and a(n) _____ interventricular artery.
Right Coronary, Posterior
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
Right atrium
The _______ ________artery follows the along the coronary sulcus on the right side of the heart.
Right coronary
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
The pulmonary circulation occurs between the ________ ventricle and the ______ atrium.
Right, Left
The _____ ventricle pumps blood out the __________ ____ to the lungs.
Right, Pulmonary Trunk
During a muscle contraction, the ________ shortens due to Cross bridge cycling.
Sarcomere
What kind of membrane is the epicardium?
Serous
The presence of alternate dark and light stripes allows for the ______ ________ _________ of muscle contraction .
Sliding filament mechanism
The _____ cardiac vein runs with the marginal artery.
Small
Both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle contain stripes called:
Striations
The _________ circulation transports blood to provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues.
Systemic
The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart.
Systemic capillaries
The vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues
aorta
What carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium?
inferior vena cava
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
left ventricle
The ____ ventricle is much thicker than the _____ ventricle and develops the greatest pressure.
left, right