Case Studies Exam 1

Functions of the OIE

1) Inform governments of occurence and course of epizootics that could endanger animal/human health 2) Maintain list of animal diseases in countries 3) Maintain terrestrial/aquatic animal health codes. Describe health measures for importing and exporting countries.

Veterinary Oath

1) Protect animal health and welfare 2) Relieve animal suffering 3) Conserve livestock resources and the environment 4) Protect public health 5) Advance medical knowledge

food, clothing, infected human traveler

A FAD could enter the US on/in what routes?

Reemerging disease

A disease that was once present and eradicated for a period of time and is present again.

Bioterrorism, natural infection, pregnancy toxemia, FAD

A flock of pregnant sheep was fine two days ago. Now, a number of ewes are listless with muscle twitching, several are neurological, some are recumbent or dead. What are some possible causes?

Equine influenza

A respiratory disease affecting large numbers of young horses

Incident Command System (ICS)

APHIS coordinates response and follows this protocol to organize the response.

US Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection

Agency responsible for border patrol

Directed primarily against food, crops, or plants

Agriterrorism is bioterrorism that is ________

Reservoir

Animal or group of animals that continuously contain disease agent and spread it to other groups. The reservoir species does not show clinical signs and it goes to a new area that has susceptible population.

Sepsis in both humans and animsl

Anthrax can cause _______ in both humans and animals

Bacterial culture and identification

Anthrax is diagnosed by _______

State or federal veterinarian

As a vet, if you are suspicious of bioterrorist activity whom should you contact?

APHIS Area-Veterinarian-In-Charge

Assigns a foreign animal disease diagnostician to investigate a possible outbreak.

National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN)

Assist NVSL in times of high lab submissions such as an exotic disease outbreak case load. Located primarily in state and university locations.

Where anthrax is not typically seen

Bioterrorism would be suspected if anthrax was diagnosed _______.

Only after epidemiologic investigation

Bioterrorist attacks can be definitively distinguished from natural outbreaks ________

When an equine influenza virus was transmitted directly from a horse to a dog and the virus was able to adapt to the dog and transmit between dogs.

Canine influenza is an example of an emerging disease that most likely was introduced into dogs in Florida.

Communicable disease

Caused by agent capable of transmission by direct or indicrect routes from an infected person, animal or plant or from a contaminated inanimate reservoir such as soil. Indirect routes include transmission via insects or vehicles such as food, water, clothing, and equipment.

Infectious disease

Caused by invasion and multiplication of a living agent in or on a host. Viral, bacterial, parasitic, and mycotic.

Transovarial transmission

Climate with long, freezing winters, an infection which persists in the blackfly population from year to year, and animals after the first frost.

National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL)

Confirm outbreaks of exotic disease. Each lab specializes in particular diseases. Test for export certification, surveillance, eradication, and control programs. Certifies other labs to conduct diagnostic tests for regulated diseases.

Fomite

Contaminated inanimate object such as clothing, milking equipment, trucks

Serve as a habitat in which the pathogen can survive

Defining characteristic of reservoir host

African horse sickness

Disease that is communicable but not contagious

Emerging disease

Disease whose incidence has recently increased in an area that has the potential for significant health impacts in animals or humans

Vector borne; african horse sickness

During an Iowa winter, what types of diseases would not be likely to spread? Give a specific example.

One Health Initiative

Enhancing cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals.

Portals of FAD entry

Entry in animals, vectors & fomites, animal products, humans

Emergency Management Response System computers

FAD case information is entered into this federal computer system

A veterinarian who was trained at the foreign animal disease diagnostics laboratory (FADDL) on Plum Island, NY to recognize and diagnose exotic animal diseases. If an FAD is suspected these are the only veterinarians who should collect and submit laboratory samples for FADs

Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician

SAHO/AVIC

Group assigning a trained FAD diagnostician to investigate. Samples are sent to NVSL.

Cats

Hendra infections could occur in horses and ______.

Australia

Hendra would be most likely if a horse with respiratory disease was reported from what country.

Virus results from mutation of a low pathogenicity virus, survives in an asymptomatic reservoir, can be transmitted by fomites, can jump species

Highly pathogenic avian influenza has what characteristics?

Iatrogenic transmission

Horizontal transmission via fomites administered by doctor that accidently furthers disease spread. Vaccination needles could spread.

Mosquito carried inside an airplane or a migratory bird

How can a mosquito-borne disease that infects birds be introduced into the US.

70%

How much more food will need to be produced by 2050?

persistence in the environment

If FMD can be transmitted on shoes of international travelers what are its likely characteristics in regards to transmission

False

Important requirements and quarantine processes are the same for all animals imported into the US

Agent in sufficient quantities, delivery system to aerosolize agent, appropriate weather, susceptible population

In order to launch a successful bioterrorist/agriterrorist attack what factors need to be preset?

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) with states and industry as part of the partnership

In the US, the primary responsibility for protection against FAD is assigned to what group

Fomite

Inanimate object that animal comes into contact with that contains/carries the pathogen. Vehicles carry disease onto a farm.

Disease emergence and reemergence

Increasing human population is a cause of _______________.

Factors of disease emergence

Increasing human population, intensive agriculture, increased backyard animal production, aquaculture, environmental degradation, climate change, addition of domestic species to novel environments, global trade/illegal movement of animals.

Transstadial

Infection with pathogen maintained in vector as it develops between life stages. Ticks feed on infected animal and then on another animal later in the life cycle.

Zoonotic disease

Infectious disease that is transmitted between animals and people.

True

Influenza is an example of a virus that has the potential to be devastating when different species are housed together

After all the OIE standards for the disease are met

International trade (if it was shut down) may resume following a FAD outbreak.

Infestation

Invasion but not multiplication, of an organism in or on a host.

Vertical transmission

Lambs born to sheep with contagious agalactia can be infected through the colostrum.

Importation of animals/products, wildlife movement, humans

Mechanisms for introduction of FAD include:

5 steps in the import quarantine process

Must pass through 1 of 3 ports 1) Given exam 2) Taken to quarantine facility if paperwork is present 3) Physical exam and sprayed for parasites 4) Isolation for 3, 7, or 60 days depending on species & country of origin 5) Animals tested for disease 6) Animal released to owner and state notified of animals release from quarantine

True

NVSL has 3 labs in Ames, Iowa and 1 at Plum Island, NY.

Response to FAD

OIE notifies neighboring countries and trade partners of disease. APHIS coordinates response and follows the ICS in this response step.

Recovery to FAD

OIE standards must be met to classify the country as disease free. Reassures trade is safe. APHIS partners with state/local governments and organizations in this last step to FAD response.

Not transmitted directly from animal to animal

Parasite of animals that requires an intermediate host

Direct contact

Pathogens transmitted directly from animal to animal: infected animal transmits

Indirect contact

Pathogens transmitted via an intermediary such as physical objects (fomites) or insects (vectors)

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

Primarily responsible for international animal health

USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

Primary agency responsible for US animal health

SAHO and APHIS AVIC Officials

Private veterinary practitioners report FAD to these federal/state authorities

Private Veterinary Practitioners

Responsible for recognition of FAD and report to state/federal authorities SAHO and APHIS AVIC

Sent to one of the USDA, APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) at Plum Island in NY or in Ames IA

Samples from a suspected FAD outbreak should be sent to what lab?

State Animal Health Official (SAHO)

State vet and their associated assistants

Exotic disease

Synonymous with foreign animal disease. Describes disease not found in the country but other places in the world.

False

T/F Based on population projections, current food production will be able to provide food for the world population

False

T/F less than 50% of new emerging human infectious diseases have been vector-borne of zoonotic

False

T/F the initial confirmation of an exotic animal disease can be done at any certified laboratory that is part of the NAHLN system

Informed immediately by federal authorities of the affected member nation, when an OIE listed disease is confirmed. The OIE then reports the outbreak to other member nations.

The OIE's role

Veterinarians engaged in private practice and veterinary diagnostic laboratories

The most critical step of a disease control program is the recognition of suspect cases and subsequent rapid reporting to state or federal authorities. The most likely groups to preform this step are ____ & ____.

Wild waterfowl and shorebirds

The reservoir species for influenza viruses

Horizontal transmission

Transfer of a pathogen from an infected animal to an independent of the parental relationship: Infected animal transmits

Vertical transmission

Transfer of a pathogen from patient to offspring through reproduction: embryo/semen transmits

Airborne transmission

Transfer of a pathogen via particles in the air. Infected animals upwind from susceptible ones

Contagious disease

Transmissible from one human or animal to another via direct or airborne means. Spread via excretions and secretions including respiratory aerosols, scabs, and other body fluids or tissues.

US Department of Health and Human Services, FDA, CDC, USDA, US Fish and Wildlife Services

US agencies that are responsible for importation of animals (5)

Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC)

USDA-APHIS-VS federal employee with a region/state interest

Increased surveillance of domestic markets for illegally imported poultry and poultry products. The Department of Homeland Security has been requested to be vigilant in agricultural inspections of passengers and cargo from Asia.

Various US agencies including (APHIS) are working to keep H5N1 HPAI from Southeast Asia out of US poultry and wildbirds. Some of the prevention and eradication plans in place include.

Mechanical vector

Vector that carries pathogen but does not alter the pathogen. Insects typically can only transmit disease to nearby animals. Not likely to introduce disease in new areas.

Biological vector

Vector that supports replication of the pathogens. Infected mosquito.

Transovarially

Vertical transmission when female vector passes infectious agent through eggs to the next generation. Occurs in ticks.

Routes of transmission

Vertical, horizontal, direct contact, indirect contact, airborne, iatrogenic, transovarially, transstadial, biological vector, mechanical vector, fomite, reservoir

Animal production & welfare, conservation of environment & animal production, animal welfare and conservation of the environment

Veterinarians have important societal role in balancing the need for:

Globalization

WNV causes a vector-borne zoonotic disease that emerged in the US in 1999. What contributed to its emergence?

Globalization, climate change, increased human population, environmental degradation

What contributes to the emergence and reemergence of diseases in people

Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE)

What disease has been introduced to some countries by importing infected animals. Cannot become established in an area unless a suitable vector exists. Parasite.

Publish primary reference manuals/codes governing trade, inform governments of disase occurrence and course, acronym for World Organization for Animal Health

What does the OIE do?

Hendra

What equine respiratory disease would be the greatest threat to human handlers

A house fly that is a mechanical vector for the disease

What is least likely to introduce a FAD to the US

75% fatality rate

What is the fatality rate for Hendra?

The initiative enhances cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals

What is the goal of the One Health Initiative

None; the animal is destroyed

What is the treatment for a horse infected with African horse sickness in the US

60%

What percentage of emerging diseases are zoonotic?

Use personal protective equipment, best biosecurity practices and call your state veterinarian or AVIC immediately

What should you do if you suspect a horse has Hendra virus infection or African horse sickness?

Flying foxes

What species is considered the reservoir species for Hendra virus

Conjunctivitis, mild respiratory signs, potentially life threatening illness predominately respiratory.

What symptoms in people can be caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus?

All other horses on the premises first, then the sick animals

When called out to a farm to look at a horse with signs of respiratory disease, you would inspect_____ animals first.

Naturally in soil, in some research labs, in biological weapons facilities

Where can anthrax spores be found?

OIE

World Organization for Animal Health and International Trade