case5

Which number of base pairs in an insertion mutation would cause a frameshift?

10

How many nucleotide bases make up a codon?

3

Which is an example of a transversion?

5' CCAC 3' is mutated to 5' CCTC 3'

An example of a transversion mutation is _____.

A guanine substituted for a thymine.

The best term to describe the incorporation of a random mistake into the DNA sequence at a specific point is _____.

A point mutation

Which of the following modifications of this DNA sequence, ACTGAC, would be considered a frameshift mutation?

ACCTGAC

Based on the original sequence, ACTTGAC, which of the following answer choices includes a transition mutation?

ACTTGGC

How do mutagens cause mutations?

By increasing the likelihood of a replication error

Which mutated molecule would affect mRNA?

DNA

Which enzyme checks DNA for errors?

DNA polymerase

What is the correct order in the conversion of DNA to proteins?

DNA, mRNA, Protein

Which of the following is a potential mechanism to control translation by alternative splicing?

Different exon combinations allow for translation of different proteins from the same gene.

In which step does the polypeptide continue to grow as amino acids are added to the chain?

Elongation

What are mutations that result in DNA sequences that are slightly too long or too short called?

Frameshift mutation

What is the correct chronological order of the 3 steps of translation from mRNA to a polypeptide?

Initiation, elongation, termination

_____ mutations result in a longer DNA strand.

Insertion

Which type of mutations can result in a frameshift?

Insertions and deletions

What makes the lac repressor fall off the lac operator?

Lactose, the inducer

While studying for an upcoming test, your friend Jane tells you that prokaryotic cells process their RNA in the nucleus. Is this a correct statement? Why or why not?

No, because prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus the mRNA can begin translation right there in the cytoplasm.

Operons are most commonly found in what kind of cell?

Prokaryotic

The _____ is a piece of DNA that gives the RNA polymerase the signal to begin transcription.

Promoter

Which of the following is the enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides to build off of the antisense strand?

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is a function of an operon?

Regulation of gene expression

Which of the following refers to a decrease in gene transcription?

Repression

The deletion of a base in the DNA strand will _____.

Result in the deletion of a base in the mRNA strand and a modification to the subsequent amino acid.

Which part of the lac operon codes for the lactose digesting enzymes?

Structural genes

Part of a normal DNA sequence is TACCGG. If this sequence undergoes a base substitution, out of the possibilities given identify the sequence that could be a possible result.

TACAGG

How are the Tay Sachs and the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy diseases different?

Tay Sachs is caused by insertion of a nucleotide base into the hexosaminidase gene while the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is caused by deletion of a nucleotide base from the dystrophin gene.

All of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:

The anti-codon is part of the mRNA.

What happens during RNA splicing for making an RNA strand?

The introns are removed, and exons are put together to make a shorter RNA strand.

How would a shift in the reading frame likely alter the resulting protein?

The protein would be greatly altered because multiple amino acids would be miscoded.

What are the functions of spliceosomes in RNA splicing?

They remove intervening introns between exons and join the resulting ends of the exons.

What is the anticodon for the codon AAG?

UUC

Why do people try to protect their skin from ultraviolet radiation?

UV radiation is a mutagen.

In DNA, there is a 1:1 ratio of thymine to adenine. In RNA, what nitrogenous base is at a 1:1 ratio with adenine?

Uracil

When can a genetic mutation get passed down through successive generations?

When it doesn't cause significant harm to the organism's ability to survive and reproduce

How can the wrong amino acid be added during translation?

a base substitution mutation in mRNA

What might a splicing error removing two bases in an exon result in?

a frameshift mutation in mRNA

What might a nonsense mutation in the mRNA result in?

a truncated copy of the protein Klq is produced

What is a mutagen?

an environmental agent that causes a mutation

What is a mutation?

any change in the nucleotide sequence

What is an efficient way of causing multiple mutations in a bacterial cell?

exposing the bacteria to UV light

What is the term for a distinct section of DNA that codes for one protein?

gene

In a eukaryotic cell, where does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

The lac operon codes for the enzyme that help digest the sugar _____.

lactose

A mutation in DNA can affect the amino acid sequence because it affects the code found in _____.

mRNA

The eleventh amino acid of protein X should be serine, however, due to a mutation it now has the amino acid alanine in that position. Which type of mutation could have caused this change?

missense

What kind of mutation causes sickle-cell anemia?

missense

Which type of mutation results in an incomplete polypeptide because of an early stop signal?

nonsense

How many amino acids are specified by each different codon?

only 1

In point mutations, there are changes in one or a few nucleotides at a single location in a DNA sequence. Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide?

ribose

Which type of mutation does NOT change the overall function of the protein?

silent

During translation _____ carry the amino acids toward the mRNA strand.

tRNAs

Which strand of DNA serves as the template for transcription?

the antisense strand

Which of the following is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA?

transcription

What does the 't' stand for in tRNA?

transfer

Which of the following is the process of decoding RNA as instructions for building an amino acid chain?

translation