Chapter 9 - Defining the Nation
tariff of 1816
Meant to aid industries flourished in war of 1812 but now felt threatened by overseas trade. Taxed woolens, cotton, iron, leather, hats, paper, sugar. New England, western and middle atlantic states benefited, south opposed it out of fear of British retaliation
Marbury v. Madison - 1803
Midnight judge Marbury vs. secretary of state, James Madison. As Adams established the midnight justices, Madison, who was supposed to deliver their names so they could be put in place, failed to do his job. Marbury sued Madison due to this, and Marshall, despite his party, ruled against Marbury. Claimed that the whole situation was based off an excerpt of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which he deemed as unconstitutional. This made Democratic Republicans a fan of Marshall, who then expanded the power of the court. This was the trial that established judicial review - the ability to deem acts unconstitutional
Boundary settlements
Monroe's secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, managed foreign policy, pushing for expansion, fishing rights on atlantic waters, political distance from europe, and peace. Expansion came from negotiations, not war, and new territories must bar slavery. US became first state recognizing new latin american states of rio de la planta, chile, peru, colombia, and mexico, which broke free of spain. america wanted to protect these states from a return to colonial rule, britain offered joint declaration with us against european intervention in the western hemisphere. america rejected
Quel est le rapport entre la France et ses voisins?
Napoleon est Premier Consul. Il est à la tête d'une France qui comprend la Belgique, la rive gauche du Rhin, et des républiques soeurs établies en Hollande, en Suisse en Italie.
What did the American system include?
National bank, improved transportation, protective tariff - tax on imported goods to protect American industries
Who had the most severe reaction to Jefferson's separation of church and state?
New England Federalists in hysterics out of fear that Jefferson was an atheist bent on confiscating their religious texts
Describe the partisan press
Newspaper sustained political conversation, giving national importance to local events. There were 396 newspapers by 1810. National Intelligence was a Democratic-Republican newspaper. Moved to Washington per Jefferson's request. The New York Evening Post was a Federalist vehicle launched by Alexander Hamilton. Greatly insulted Jefferson. Party organs published 6 or 7 times a week, keeping people informed on politics.
American System
Optimistic outlook on the system unifying the nation . Taiff would stimulate New England economy and industry. Goods in New England would find markets in South and West and their foodstuffs would find market in New England. Manufactured and agricultural would travel along roads and canals - internal improvements that tariffs fund. National bank would oversee transactions. Internal improvements were promoted, but Madison vetoes Calhoun Bonus Bill which would have authorized federal funding for roads and canals. Tariff. Second bank of us
Missouri compromise
Political crisis struck along economic panic. Issue of slavery with westward expansion. Missouri territory - carved out of louisiana territory - wanted to be admitted to the union with a constitution permitting slavery. This would give slaveholding states a 2 vote senate majority and would set a precedent for future states. After Louisiana purchase and war of 1812, 5 new states were added (louisiana, mississippi, alabama (slavery allowed), and illinois and indiana (no slavery). Missouri was on same latitude as free illinois, indiana, and ohio. If missouri had slaves, slavery would expand westward an northward. Debate lasted 2.5 years. House Speaker (and slaveowner) henry clay proposed to have maine, carved out of massachussets, a free state, while missouri had slaves, maintaining an even balance of slave and nonslave states. 12:12. In the rest of the louisiana territory, slavery would be prohibited forever. Compromise was carried out, almost unraveling when Missouri submitted a constitution barring free blacks from entering the state. Clay's second compromise was that Missouri would guarantee that none of its laws discriminate against citizens of other states. would govern congressional policy toward admitting new slave states.
Election of 1804
Post-twelfth amendment ratification. Jefferson dropped Burr from being his running mate, chose George Clinton of New York as a replacement so as to keep a North-South balance. Completely swamped opposition of CC Pinckney and Rufus King. Burr-Hamilton tensions intensify, duel occurred, Burr shot Hamilton, Hamilton died, and Burr was indicted for murder. Burr fled west, aiming to create an empire through military force with General James Wilkinson (acquire Texas). Wilkinson revealed the plot to Jefferson, who personally assisted prosecution in Burr's trial for treason, which was overseen by Marshall. Jury acquitted Burr and he fled to Europe.
The Era of Good Feelings
President James Monroe supported tariffs and vetoed cumberland road bill for repairs. Last president who attended constitutional conventions, 3rd virginian, was madison's secretary of state and war. A one party period - trounced federalists. Supreme court (led by Federalist John Marshall) became bulwark of nationalist point of view
Dartmouth college v woodward
Protected sanctity of contracts against state interference
What does Jefferson do in office?
Reduced government spending (Primary target: military - navy and army), ended whiskey tax (hurt his base of farmers. Cost government income.), pardoned all people in jail by the Alien and Sedition Acts, wrote personal apologies about Alien and Sedition acts. Paid back their fines.
What is the importance of Marbury v. Madison?
The supreme court established judicial review - the ability to deem acts unconstitutional.
Divisions among indian peoples
"accommodationists" /" progressives" adopted white customs and agreed to sell land and move west. "Traditionalists' urged adherence to tradition and refused to sell land. Shawnee brothers Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh led traditionalist, pan-Indian revolt. Shawnees had lost lots of land, and the brothers despaired. Tenskwatawa became ill and turned to North American and European remedies.
National Intelligence
A Democratic-Republican newspaper - moved to Washington per Jefferson's request
Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh
After illness, Lalawethika became Tenskwatawa -"The Prophet", claiming to have been resurrected and rallying support and boasting morals of many Native Americans, serving as a religious leader. Urged various tribes to return to traditional ways, building a religious movement. Tecumseh handled political topics in pan-Indian Greenville and Prophetstown. Towns challenged treaty-making process by denying claims of Indians who had been guaranteed land as part of the Treaty of Greenville in exchange for cessions. Tecumseh sought Indian federation of North and South, and although only the Creeks welcomed him in the South, which alarmed white settlers. Battle of Tippecanoe - army burned town, Indians exacted revenge on white settlers. Tecumseh entered an alliance with Britain, propelling United States toward war with Britain yet again.
Who was Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury
Albert Gallatin, who was referred to as the watchdog of the treasury, as Jefferson was cheap. Even federalists liked him!
2nd Barbary War
Algiers took advantage of American preoccupation with Britain to declare war on America. America took hundreds of Algerians captive while negotiating a treaty that freed America from having to pay tributes for passage in the mediterranean. Reaffirmed American sovereignty and commitment to freedom of the seas.
Judicial politics
Democratic-Republicans found the judiciary undemocratic, as judges were appointed for life. Removed judge John Pickering. Federalist supreme court justice was to be impeached, but Republicans could not get the 2/3 vote for accusing him of judicial misconduct. This preserved the court's independence.
Describe prosperity after the war of 1812
Great demand for american goods. BAd weather in europe led to desire for american cotton. Speculators bought new land. expansion built on easy credit
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Had Creeks cede 23 million acres of land, half of their holdings, and withdraw to southern and western part of Mississippi Territory
Mr. Madison's war
Vote for war was sharply divided: Democratic Republicans favored war, Federalists opposed it Those for war defended it by pointing out that Britain assaulted American sovereignty: impressments, alliances with Indians, affronts to American honor. "War Hawks" found it to be a way to conquer British Canada. Coastal states and Northeast feared disruption to commerce, opposing "Mr. Madison's war." Federalists and renegade Democratic Republicans supported New York Mayor Clinton in 1812. Madison won, but Federalists gained more congressional seats and favor. South and west remained solidly Democratic Republican.
McCulloch v. Maryland
a state cannot tax an agency of the federal government. Court struck maryland law taxing banks in the state not chartered by Maryland legislature. Meant to hit down baltimore branch of the second bank. Banks sued. Marshall asserted supremacy of federal government. Ruled that congress had power to charter banks. Ruled that federal government could promote interstate commerce.
monroe doctrine
announced tha american continents are not to be colonized by any european power any further. demanded nonintervention from europe in affairs of new world nations. addressed fear about latin america and russian expansion in alaska. pledged american noninterference in european affairs. words held no force, as european forces feared royal navy more than america
Second Bank of the United States
chartered in 1816. Depository for federal funds, issued currency, collected taxes, paid government debts. Oversaw state and local banks, made certain money had backing. Mixed public and private ownership: government provided 1/5 of capital
convention of 1818
fixed us-canadian borders, could not agree on boundary west of rockes. settled on joint occupation of oregon for 10 years
What was the goal of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
foster trade relations, win political allies, and take advantage of Native knowledge of the land
adams - onis treaty
gave us florida, already occupied by andrew jackson during the first seminole war of 1817-18. america occupied florida when spain wasn't looking. Spanish minister don luis de onis agreed to cede florida to america if us renounced claims on northern mexico (texas). defined southwestern boundary of louisiana purchase. set line between spanish mexico and oregon country at 42nd parallel
how was economic development different in north vs. south?
south industry dependent on cotton, north saw an acceleration of industrial development, supported by entrepreneurs but not jeffersonians
rush-bagot treaty
united states and great britain limited to one ship each on lake champlain and lake ontario, two ships each on great lakes. first disarmament treaty of modern times - led to demilitarization of border of us and canada
What were some cool things Jefferson did with his life?
was a lawyer, farmer, accomplished writer, architect (designed Monticello and the University of Virginia), botanist, violinist, and an inventor. Made the first copying machine
Fletch v. peck
Voided a Georgia law violating individuals' rights to make contracts
War in the Old Southwest
America attacked Red Stick Creeks - followers of Tecumseh - along Gulf of Mexico and British around New Orleans. Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, killing hundreds of innocents. Andrew Jackson crushed Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend, clearing land for American settlement. Treaty of Fort JAckson had creeks cede 23 million acres of land, half of their holdings, and withdraw to Southern and WEstern part of Mississippi Territory. Jackson became a major general, continuing South to Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, securing various forts. Met head on after an American - British game of cat-and-mouse at New Orleans. America won, standing its ground. Battle of New Orleans took place two weeks after war ended. Had not heard the news yet. Made Andrew Jackson popular.
Invasion of Canada
America hoped to invade Canada due to its small army and population and inaccessibility of the Great Lakes by Britain. America aimed to split Canadian forces and isolate pro-British indians (who Britain promised an Indian nation in the Great Lakes region). General Hull exposed America thanks to timid attack of Montreal, abandoning forts and islands, and surrendering Fort Detroit. America's first land victory was defending Fort Harrison. Britain held 1/2 of Old Northwest and New York militiamen refused to leave to fight in Canada
Naval Battles in the war of 1812
American navy (started war with 17 ships) could not match Royal Navy. British ships blockading Chesapeake and Delaware Bays blockaded all American ports on Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Overseas trade declined 90% and threatened to bankrupt federal government and prostrate New England. Contest for control of Great Lakes was the key to the war. America won the bloody Battle of Put-in-Bay, gaining control of Lake Erie
Non-Importation Act of 1806
Barred British goods from entering American ports, save for cloth and metal articles. Had little impact on British trade, but warned Britain of what would happen if they continued to harm America's neutral rights. Pinckney and Monroe went to negotiate a treaty, but as it violated what Jefferson wanted (said nothing about impressment), he never sent it in for ratification.
Chesapeake Affair
Britain's Leopard stopped and fired on America's Chesapeake after America refused to be searched for deserters. Britain killed 3, wounded 18, then seized 4 deserters. One hanged. Outraged and exposed American military weakness
La louisiane est limitée au nord par les possessions britanniques d'Amérique du nord, à l'ouest par les possessions espagnoles et à l'est par le fleuve Mississippi.
C'est une route très importante par le trade.
International Slave Trade
Congress voted to abolish international slave trade January 1st, 1808. South Carolina still allowed slave importation. Many planters feared bringing in new slaves after revolts, fear from being outnumbered. Any slaves illegally smuggled in were to be bought and sold in accordance to state law. If illegal slaves were not to be considered property, people feared civil war due to fierce political tensions. Traders kept imparted slaves in cramped pens, anticipating great rises in price. Slave trade ended - illegal trade took over. Navy tried to intercept slave trade ships, but illegal trade didn't end
What was the primary trade item of the Southwest?
Cotton
Que veut faire Napoléon pour contrer l'empire brittanique? Pour quelles deux raisons?
D'autant qu'au sud l'Espagne est devenue une alliée depuis le traité de balle de 1795, Bonaparte va donc tenter de mener une politique d'expansion outre-mer pour contrer l'ennemi brittanique.
Election of 1808
Debate over embargo ramped up for the election of 1808. Democratic-Republicans suffered factional dissent and seaboard states were upset by trade restrictions. 9 states urged Jefferson to run again - he followed Washington's precedent. Democratic Republicans torn between James Madison, James Monroe (later withdrew) and Vice President George Clinton. Federalists: CC Pinckney and Rufus King. Federalists gained increased support, gaining seats in Congress under the Democratic Republicans' new Madison administration. Future looked bright
Did Democratic Republicans support the War of 1812?
Democratic Republicans favored it
What did Republicans now call themselves?
Democratic-Republicans
Who had majority in both houses of congress after the revolution of 1800?
Democratic-Republicans
How did Democratic-Republicans view the government?
Democratic-Republicans believed limited government would foster Republican virtue
Failed Policies
Domestic opposition caused embargo to collapse. Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade with everyone but Britain and France. America could resume trade with them when they respected American neutral rights. Didn't prevent further British and French interference with American commerce. Briefly, Madison reopened trade with Britain when it offered to repeal restrictions on American trade. Repudiated this and America resumed Non-Intercourse. Non-Intercourse Act expired in 1810 - new variant as a substitute. Macon's Bill Number 2: reopened trade with France and Britain, but provided that, when either nation stopped violating American commercial rights, president would suspend commerce with the other. Napoleon accepted the offer - Madison declared non-intercourse on Great Britain. France still seized American ships, but focused hostility on Royal Navy. 1812, Britain reopened seas to American trade too late. Congress already declared war before word reached the country
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Encouraged new enterprises and technologies by favoring competition over monopoly and public interest over implied privileges in old contracts
Louisiana Purchase
Ensured that America would control Mississippi's mouth, which was good for western settlers relying on the market. Inspired commercial visions for those hoping to have America be a nexus of international trade networks between Europe and Asia. Had fertile land. Room for Native Americans they wanted to "civilize". Critics concerned over constitutionality, whether it belied Democratic-Republicans' commitment to debt reduction, and New England Federalists feared it would make the country to big and too hard to control. Thousands of new Americans were added to the population: native americans, people of European and African descent, Germans, English, Cajuns, Creoles. Free black people added to the country from Louisiana Purchase found that they lost some rights
New York Evening Post
Federalist vehicle launched by Alexander Hamilton. Greatly insulted Jefferson.
Early Internal Improvements
Federalists and democratic republicans agreed on need for internal improvements. FEderalists saw roads and canals as a way to spur commercial development. Jeffersonians saw roads as the route to western expansion and agrarian growth. 1806 bill authorizing federal funding of Cumberland road between multiple states. National road completed in 1833. AFter Madison vetoed Bonus bill, most funding came from states and private investors. New York's Erie canal linked Great lakes to atlantic. South relied on rivergoing steamboats. Steamboats and canals reduced time to transport goods. Canals expanded commercial networks to areas without waterways. Canals reoriented midwestern commerce through the north.
How did Federalists view the government?
Federalists preferred strong national government with centralized authority to promote economic development
What happened to Federalists after Jefferson became president?
Federalists were on the decline, but they held the judiciary branch. Adams's midnight justices, including new chief justice John Marshall were in place. Marshall had the longest time in his position
Did Federalists support the War of 1812?
Federalists were opposed to it
What was the primary trade item of the Northwest?
Foodstuffs (wheat)
"War-Hawks"
Found war to be an easy way to conquer British Canada
Que s'est-il passé le 18 octobre à 1800 San Ildefonso?
France et Madrid négocient en secret un échange de territoire. La Louisiane retourne à la souveraineté française et l'Espagne obtient de Paris le royaume d'Étrurie en Italie.
Domestic consequences of the War of 1812
Hartford Convention shattered FEderalist hope to be a national party again. New England delegates, facing an economy shattered by war and embargo, met in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss revising national compact of pulling out of the Republic. Moderates prevented a resolution of withdrawing from the union, but delegates condemned war and embargo. Endorsed changes in the constitution to weaken the south vis a vis to make it harder to declare war. News of Jackson's victory and the Treaty of Ghent made Federalists look treasonous. The party faded from the national scene. Native Americans lost most powerful leader (Tecumseh) and ally (Britain). Accommodationists briefly flourished, while traditionalists were disarmed from resisting American expansion. Treaty of Ghent pledged Americans to end hostilities with Indians and restore prewar possessions, but Indians lacked the power to ensure its enforcement. American farmers had more (formerly Indian) land for cotton and wheat cultivation. Young industries were boosted, as America could no longer rely on overseas imports. Three trends accelerated: westward expansion, industrial takeoff, entrenchment of slavery. Democratic-Republicans came to believe that Federal government out to give direction to the US economy
How did Britain threaten American sovereignty?
Impressments, alliances with Indians, affronts to American honor
Judicial Reivew
In his last hours in office, Adams named Federalist William Marbury a justice in DC, but MAdison declined to certify this appointment so that a Democratic Republican could be put in that position. Marbury sued, requesting a writ of mandamus (court order forcing president to appoint him). If the supreme court had ruled in Marbury's favor, Jefferson wouldn't comply with the writ, but if Federalist branch refused to issue the writ, it would be a win for Democratic-Republicans. Marshall said that Marbury had a right to his appointment, but the court could not compel Madison to honor it because the Constitution did not give the court power to writs of mandamus. Without constitutional support, this made the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. Made it possible for the court to deem acts of congress unconstitutional.
Battle of Tippecanoe
In which an army burned a town and Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh's men exacted revenge on white settlers.
What were Jefferson's ideals?
Individual liberty, an agrarian republic, and limited government
Who was Jefferson's secretary of state?
James Madison
What kind of agenda did James Madison embrace?
James Madison embraced nationalist agenda so federal government would encourage economic growth. Recommended economic development and military expansion. Agenda (later called American system by Henry Clay) included a national bank, improved transportation, protective tariff - tax on imported goods to protect American industries. Did all this through constitutional methods
The Marshall Court
Jefferson appointed 3 new justices, but the court remained a federalist stronghold under John Marshall. Under Marshall, supreme court upheld federal supremacy over states and protected interests of commerce and capital. Marshall made the court an equal branch of the government. The court became a united voice of the majority, all banding behind Marshall's voice.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Jefferson launched a military-style expedition to explore new land and chart commercial interests, laying claim before Britain could. Lewis and Clark led the Corps of Discovery, meeting many unfamiliar tribes and hoping to gain peaceful relations - establish goodwill and interest them in trade for American goods. Mostly cordial, some tension. Some tribes were already familiar with European goods. Goal: foster trade relations, win political allies, take advantage of Native knowledge of the land. Democratic in letting York, a slave, and Sacagawea, a native American guide, vote on where to locate winter quarters, but never drew wages or were given freedom. Failed to discover northwest passage to the pacific - perilous journey. Jefferson, although finding Indians to be intelligently equal, ignored them on expedition and sought amendment or trickery to remove them from their lands to the Louisiana territory
The Embargo of 1807
Jefferson opted for a peaceable option instead of war. America closed shores off to British ships and launching more naval expenditures. Non-Importation Act was in effect. Embargo Act forbade all exports from America to any country to prevent war by pressuring Britain and France to respect American rights. Exports fell by 80%, causing American economic depression for shippers. Manufacturers profited. Many merchants smuggled and profited.
Talk about political visions from 1801-1823
Jefferson reached out to his enemies, envisioning all as one people and the government as one that was wise, frugal, and allowing men to pursue their own goals. Adams did not both staying for the inaugural speech. Republicans now called themselves Democratic-Republicans after the Democratic societies. Federalists preferred strong national government with centralized authority to promote economic development. Democratic-Republicans believed limited government would foster Republican virtue
Who separated church and state and why?
Jefferson separated church and state, as he found religion to be only between man and G-d - the government should not get involved.
Separation of church and state
Jefferson separated church and state. Found religion to be only between Man and G-d, government should not get involved. New England Federalists in hysterics - feared Jefferson as an atheist bent on confiscating their bibles. Jefferson came to office during a period of religious revivalism among Methodists and Baptists, who preached democratic ideals of equality. Non-elites articulated political beliefs based on government and religion.
What were Jefferson's stances on the outside world?
Jefferson tried to put tensions with France to a rest. Economy depended heavily on fishing and carrying trade. Traded with China (porcelain, tea, silk). Slave trade led to African trade. War with Tripoli over freedom of the seas.
Give a brief introduction to the chapter
Jefferson was not a fan of aristocratic ceremony. Political rivalries were serious and could kill. Jeffersonians found that virtue was derived from agricultural endeavors. Louisiana purchase happened. Resistance in westward expansion by Native Americans and Federalists until War of 1812. Secured US status as a sovereign nation. Opened much of the west up to European-American settlement. Helped spur industrial and transportational revolutions. Post-war division over slavery.
How did Jefferson limit his government?
Jefferson's secretary of treasury, Albert Gallatin, cut army budget by 2/3, reduced national debt in plan to remove it altogether. Closed diplomatic missions at The Hague and Berlin. Attacked spending and all taxes - repealed all internal taxes including the whiskey tax.
Burning Capitals
Kentucky militia volunteers marched to join General Harrison's forces in Ohio. Took Detroit, crossed into Canada, defeated British, Shawnee, and Chippewa forces in the Battle of the Thames (Tecumseh among the fallen!) Raxed, looted, and burnt parliament building in York - Canada's capital. Britain defeated Napoleon and took to launch counteroffensive against America. Burnt Washington D.C. Dolley Madison saved a famous painting of George Washington. Attack on capital was only a diversion - real battle in Baltimore. Francis Scott Key witnessed destruction in Baltimore and wrote "The Star Spangled Banner." Britain achieved little militarily; Lake Champlain offensive equally unsuccessful when US ships turned back on British. Battle reached a stalemate
Que s'était-il passé en 1682? Et en 1762?
La Louisiane, elle était devenue possession française en 1682 grâce au français Cavelier de La Salle. Est ensuite cédé à l'Espagne en 1762.
En 1803 quelles sont les frontières de la Louisiane et sa population?
La louisiane est limitée au nord par les possessions britanniques d'Amérique du nord, à l'ouest par les possessions espagnoles et à l'est par le fleuve Mississippi.
early industrial development
Relied on British technology for factory-building. American waterpowered spinning mill carded and spun yarn, invented by samuel slater. cabo and lowell wanted to introduce waterpowered mechanical weaving to the states. Visited British textile center of Manchester, sketched what he saw from memory, and established the Boston Manufacturing Company, which brought all phases of textile manufacturing under one roof. American factory born in War of 1812, after Treaty of Ghent, lowell lobbied to include cotton textiles in tariff of 1816 to protect industry and persuade reluctant south carolinians to support it. Growth of industry linked to slavery - lots of capital gave from people who earned fortunes through african slave trade. textile and shoe industries frew in tandem to growing southern cotton economy. Economic connection between N and S was strong
Macon's Bill Number 2
Reopened trade with France and Britain, but provided that, when either nation stopped violating American commercial rights, the president would suspend commerce with the other. Napoleon accepted the offer - Madison declared nonintercourse on Great Britain
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Reopened trade with every country besides Britain and France. America could resume trade with them when they respected American neutral rights. Didn't prevent further British and French interference with American commerce. Briefly, Madison reopened trade with Britain when it offered to repeal restrictions on American trade. Repudiated this and America resumed nonintercourse.
1802 Act
Required prospective citizens five years of residency, loyalty to the constitution, and forsaking of foreign allegiances and titles
Treaty of Ghent
Restored prewar status quo. Ended hostilities with British and Native Americans, released prisoners, restored conquered territory, arbitrated boundary disputes. US had no satisfaction on impressment, maritime rights for neutrals, and British demands for territorial cessions from Maine to Minnesota were unmet. Britain no longer kept promise to Tecumseh concerning independent Indian nation. Why settle for little? Napoleon's defeat allowed United States to discard prewar demands, making impressment and interference with American commerce moot points. British stopped pressing for military victory
Political Mobilization
Revolution of 1800 gave Democratic-Republicans majorities in both houses of Congress. Electorate of property-holding men. Women could vote in New Jersey - revoked in 1807. Free black men with certain property ownership could vote everywhere but Delaware, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia, but custom stopped them. Partisans rallied popular support for candidates and ideologies on local levels. Voters and nonvoters became part of the craze in parades and the likes due to the printing press and other such writings.
Pourquoi Saint-Domingue est-elle important?
Saint-Domingue à un rebellion qui est conduite contre la France par Toussaint Louverture.
What did resistance in westward expansion by Native Americans and Federalists until the War of 1812 cause?
Secured US status as a sovereign nation, opened much of the west up to European-American settlement, and helped spur industrial and transportational revolutions
Describe the situation concerning the transfer of Louisiana Territory and New Orleans
Spain secretly transferred the land it won from France in the Seven Years War back to France. Napoleon wanted to build a French empire in the New World. Spain violated Pinckney's treaty by not allowing America to exercise its "right of deposit" in New Orleans. Fearing war, Jefferson prepared 80,000 militiamen and sent governor James Monroe and Robert Livingstone to France to try to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi valley as possible. Napoleon, dealing with a St. Domingue torn by the French Revolution and a slave revolt, offered $15 million for all of Louisiana, desperate for money to wage war against Britain. Treaty signed April 30th, 1803
How did government promote market expansion?
Supreme court cases encouraged business to enterprise. Encouraged proliferation of corporations - organizations that could hold property and be split by share holders. U.S. post office fostered circulation of information. Government protected inventions and domestic industries. Patent laws gave inventors 17 year monopolies on their inventions. Tariffs protected American industry from foreign competition
Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme court overturned New York law that gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a monopoly over steamboat trade. FEderal power to license new enterprises took precedence over New York's grant of monopoly rights
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin's invention led to great expansion of the cotton industry, as it allowed one person to remove the same number of seeds as 50 people used to. Increased demand for slaves.
Panic of 1819
There was prosperity after the war - great demand for american goods, bad weather in europe led to desire for american cotton, speculators bought new land, and expansion built on easy credit. After recovering from war and weather, europe no longer depended on america. British Corn Laws put high tariffs on foodstuffs. Wars in Latin America caused Britain to hoard specie, causing American banks to print money and expand credit. Second bank demanded that state banks repay loans in specie. Falling prices made farmers unable to pay mortgages. Nation's banking system collapsed. Unemployment skyrocketed. Working people suffered greatly, unable to build up savings during boom times to get through hard times. Westerners blamed easterners. Farmers and worked blamed bankers. No one could confidently guess the economic future
What were the threats to American sovereignty?
To replenish supply of sailors, British ships stopped Americans ones and impressed (forcibly recruited) any sailors who were originally British. Any suspected deserters faced British courts-martial. America saw impressment as a direct assault and resented British interference with their West Indian trade. 1806 - Congress's Non-Importation Act. Barred British goods from entering American ports, save for cloth and metal articles. Had little impact on British trade, but warned Britain of what would happen if they continued to harm America's neutral rights. Pinckney and Monroe went to negotiate a treaty, but as it violated what Jefferson wanted (said nothing about impressment), he never sent it in for ratification. The Chesapeake affair was one in which Britain's leopard stopped and fired on America's Chesapeake after America refused to be searched for deserters. Britain killed 3, wounded 18, then seized 4 deserters. One was hanged. Outraged and exposed American military weakness
First Barbary War
Tripoli declared war on America for refusing to pay tribute for safe passage through the Mediterranean. Jefferson declared a blockade, but the Philadelphia was taken prisoner, and Jefferson sent a force when he refused to ransom it. Treaty ended war, forcing America to pay tribute to three other Barbary States - Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis - until 1815. After Jay Treaty, Britain appeared to reconcile with America, but after the Louisiana purchase, France was at war with Britain again in the Napoleonic wars. America tried to remain neutral, benefiting from conflict and controlling West Indian trade. Britain defeated French and Spanish fleets at Trafalgar, tightening control on oceans. Later, Napoleon crushed Russian and Austrian armies. France and Britain launched commercial war to blockade each other's trade. This hurt America.
Describe the background preparations for the War of 1812
U.S. Army was unprepared due to Jeffersonian policies. Many Navy officers were REvolutionary war vets, while the royal navy was well experienced. Mixed recruiting success - sign-up bonuses and rights to purchase 160 acres of land after discharge and 3 months pay. Successful recruitment at first, but delays in pay and inadequate supplies and refusal from Federalists made enlistment hard. Some groups offered only defensive positions, some soldiers only wanted to fight in their own state. "Black Brigade" formed in Philadelphia, some slaves were recruited, but most states refused to have black soldiers. Britain outnumbered America with regulars, Indian Allies, Canadians, and fugitive slaves.
Qui était? Toussaint Louverture
Un résistant de rébellion à Saint Domingue.
Describe limited government under Jefferson
Wanted people with his ideals - individual liberty, an agrarian republic, and limited government. Refused to recognize Adams's final appointments, dismissing many. Greatly limited his government: Jefferson's secretary of treasury, Albert Gallatin, cut army budget by 2/3 and reduced national debt in a plan to remove it altogether. Closed diplomatic missions at The Hague and Berlin. Attacked spending and all taxes - repealed internal taxes including the whiskey tax. Declined to use the Alien and Sedition Acts - pardoned those in prison. Repealed Sedition Act, Alien Act, and Naturalization Act. New 1802 Act required citizens five years of residency, loyalty to constitution, and forsaking of foreign allegiances and titles.
American Sovereignty Reasserted
War of 1812 affirmed American independence and Canada's independence from United States. American trade and territory never again led to war with Britain - wanted to stay away from European politics. America shifted attention to Barbary coast again.
Which barbary states did America have to pay tribute to?
War was with Tripoli, and after the war, America had to pay tribute to three other barbary states - Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis
Who gets blamed for the Panic of 1819?
Westerners blamed easterners. Farmers and workers blamed bankers
What were the three trends that accelerated thanks to the War of 1812?
Westward expansion, industrial takeoff, and entrenchment of slavery
Women and Politics
Women fostered political discussion in social settings, listened to unofficial messages, stood as nation's surrogates in international affairs. Elite women hosted events that diffused Democratic-Republican and Federalist tensions. First Lady Madison gained recipes that made white house functions more diverse. Jeffersonian women under the embargo made own materials while Federalist women bought smuggled goods
