Causes and Results of 1848 Revolutions-Chap. 16

"June Days"

An uprising staged by the workers of France from 23 June to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed; however, only low-pay, dead-end jobs were provided, which barely provided enough money to survive.

Louis Napoleon (1808-73)

First elected president of France, Dec. 1848-huge majority -Outlaws French Revolutionary symbolism -1851, National Assembly dissolved -1852, becomes Emperor for Life

Frankfurt Assembly

first freely elected parliament for all of Germany -elected on May 1, 1848 -declared Basic Rights

Franz Joseph I (ruler 1848-1916)

last ruler of the Habsburgs before World War I -aided by Russia against Kossuth, led to restoration of Habsburg Empire in 1851

Frederick William IV (Prussia, ruled 1840-1861)

-reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. -"romanticist on the throne", best remembered for the many buildings he had constructed in Berlin and Potsdam, as well as for the completion of the Gothic Cologne cathedral -conservative in politics, -in 1849 rejected the title of Emperor of the Germans offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as not the Parliament's to give

Francois Guizot

A Dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848. A conservative liberal who opposed the attempt by King Charles X to usurp legislative power, he worked to sustain a constitutional monarchy following the July Revolution of 1830.

Second French Republic

Formed in 1848 after abdication of Louis-Philippe -Abolished slavery in colonies, death penalty -Parisian workers get 10-hour work day

Lajos Kossuth

Hungarian lawyer, journalist, politician and Governor-President of the Kingdom of Hungary during the revolution of 1848-49

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement -helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century -helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state

Insurrection against Habsburgs and papal states

Italy wanted independence from the Habsburgs, occasionally led to small revolutions within the country -Milan: pikes vs. Radetsky

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland

Louis-Philippe

Liberal Orleanist monarch, known as the "citizen king" or "Bourgeois king" -When he abdicated the throne, he became the last king of France

Klemens von Metternich

Politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation

National workshops

Provided public works for the unemployed of France

Gross or klein

What would Germany become if FW IV accepted Imperial Crown? -denied the crown, did not need to rule many small principalities-they did not add greatly to his rule -Germany does not unify until 1871, not made greater by the year 1848

Ferdinand I (ruled 1835-1848)

abolished robot in Habsburg territory (labor, obligations to land, serf)

Alfred Windischgratz

called upon to suppress the March 1848 insurrection in Vienna -showed firmness in quelling an armed outbreak of the Czech separatists (June 1848), declaring martial law throughout Bohemia -Upon the recrudescence of revolt in Vienna, he was summoned to head a large army that reduced the city through a formal siege by October 1848

Pope Pius IX (ruled 1848-1878)

remained loyal to Habsburgs despite Italian revolutions of 1848

King Charles Albert

ruled 1831-1849, Piedmont-Sardinia

Josip Jelacic

worked for the independence of Croatia -defeated Hungary in 1848 when they revolted