CC 101 TOPIC 3 QUIZ

THE _______________ IS THE FIRST GUIDE INFORMATION PROCESSING TOOL WHICH BECAME ADVANCED IN CHINA WITHIN SIDE THE 12TH CENTURY. THE TOOL HAS A BODY WITH BEADS STRUNG ON WIRES OR RODS AND MATHEMATICS CALCULATIONS ARE EXECUTED THROUGH MANIPULATING THE BEADS.

ABACUS

EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES

ABACUS NAPIER'S BONES OUGHTRED'S SLIDE RULE PASCAL'S CALCULATOR LEIBNIZ'S CALCULATOR BABBBGE'S ANALYTICAL ENGINE HOLLERITH'S PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE'

THESE ARE USED FOR SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING,AND PROCESS CONTROL PURPOSES. THEY WORK WITH QUANTITIES THAT ARE CONSTANTLY VARIABLE AND SUPPLY THE SIMPLEST APPROXIMATE RESULTS. IT ADDITIONALLY GIVES AN ANALOG OR SIMULATION OF THE ITEM OR SYSTEM IT REPRESENTS.

ANALOG COMPUTER

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER TYPE OF DATA HANDLED

ANALOG COMPUTER DIGITAL COMPUTERS

WHAT IS THIS? ROBOTICS NEURAL NETWORKS GAME PLAYING DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERT SYSTEMS TO MAKE DECISIONS IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING AND GENERATION

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

THE _____________________, WHICH BECAME COMPARABLE IN IDEA TO 20TH CENTURY VIRTUAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS. - BECAME DESIGNED TO APPLY VARIETIES OF CARDS — OPERATIONAL CARDS, TO SIGNIFY THE PARTICULAR CAPABILITIES TO BE PERFORMED, AND VARIABLE CARDS, TO SPECIFY THE ACTUAL DATA. THIS CONCEPT OF GETTING INTO A SOFTWARE, OR SET OF INSTRUCTIONS, ON CARDS, FOLLOWED BY DATA CARDS, IS ONE APPROACH UTILIZED BY PRESENT DAY COMPUTER SYSTEMS FOR APPLYING THE STORED-SOFTWARE IDEA. IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT LADY ADA BYRON, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE (DAUGHTER OF THE POET LORD BYRON), WORKED WITH BABBAGE. SHE WROTE AN ILLUSTRATION SOFTWARE FOR THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE, PROMPTING MANY TO CITE HER AS THE FIRST PROGRAMMER.

BABBAGE'S ANALYTICAL ENGINE

ARE MACHINES THAT FOCUSES IN COUNTING VALUES WHICH MIGHT BE DISCRETE OR DISTINCT. IT IS USED FOR BOTH DATA PROCESSING AND SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES SINCE DIGITAL COMPUTATION OUTCOMES IS MORE ACCURATE. THIS FORM OF COMPUTER ARE CAPABLE OF SUBTRACTING, MULTIPLYING, DIVIDING, COMPARING, AND MAY BE PROGRAMMED TO UNDERSTAND AND MANIPULATE NUMERIC SYMBOLS WHICH HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO THEIR DISTINCTIVE MACHINE LANGUAGE. IT IS LIKEWISE ABLE TO STORING DATA AS LONG AS NEEDED, PERFORMING LOGICAL OPERATIONS, MODIFYING INPUT DATA, AND PRINTING OUT OUTCOMES AT EXCESSIVE SPEED.

DIGITAL COMPUTERS

THE ERA OF ________________ IS 1980-UNTIL DATE. IN THE FIFTH GENERATION, VLSI TECHNOLOGY WAS CONVERTED TO ULTRA LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY, ENSUING THE MANUFACTURING OF MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS HAVING TEN MILLION DIGITAL ELECTRONIC ELEMENTS. THIS GENERATION IS PRIMARILY BASED ON PARALLEL PROCESSING HARDWARE AND AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) SOFTWARE. Al IS A DEVELOPING SECTION IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, WHICH TRANSLATES THE MEANS AND METHOD OF CREATING COMPUTER SYSTEMS THINKS LIKE HUMAN BEINGS. ALL THE HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES LIKE C AND C++, JAVA, .NET ETC., ARE USED IN THIS TECHNOLOGY.

FIFTH TECHNOLOGY

WHAT GENERATION FEATURES THIS? ULSI TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING ADVANCEMENT IN PARALLEL PROCESSING ADVANCEMENT IN SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY MORE USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACES WITH MULTIMEDIA FEATURES AVAILABILITY OF VERY POWERFUL AND COMPACT COMPUTERS AT CHEAPER RATES

FIFTH TECHNOLOGY

THE ERA OF ________________ TECHNOLOGY WAS FROM 1946-1959. THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS USED VACUUM TUBES AS THE BASIC ELEMENT FOR MEMORY STORAGE AND CIRCUITRY FOR CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT). THESE TUBES, LIKE ELECTRIC POWERED BULBS, PRODUCED NUMEROUS WARM TEMPERATURE AND THE INSTALLATIONS USED TO FUSE FREQUENTLY. THEREFORE, THEY HAVE BEEN VERY COSTLY AND MOST EFFECTIVE ON BIG COMPANIES HAVING BEEN CAPABLE OF HAVE THE FUNDS FOR IT. IN THIS ERA, MOSTLY THE PROCESSING OPERATIONAL SYSTEM WAS USED. PUNCH CARDS, PAPER TAPE, AND MAGNETIC TAPE BECAME USED AS INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES. THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS ON THIS ERA USED MACHINE CODE AS THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

FIRST GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION DID THESE COMPUTERS EXISTED? ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

FIRST GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION IS THIS? VACUUM TUBE TECHNOLOGY UNRELIABLE SUPPORTED MACHINE LANGUAGE ONLY VERY COSTLY GENERATED A LOT OF HEAT SLOW INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES HUGE SIZE NEED OF AC NON-PORTABLE CONSUMED A LOT OF ELECTRICITY

FIRST GENERATION

THE DURATION OF ________________ WAS FROM 1971- 1980. VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS WAS USED OF THIS ERA. VLSI CIRCUITS HAVING APPROXIMATELY 5000 TRANSISTORS AND DISTINCT CIRCUIT FACTORS WITH THEIR ASSOCIATED CIRCUITS ON A SINGLE CHIP MADE IT FEASIBLE TO HAVE MICROCOMPUTERS. COMPUTER SYSTEMS HAVE BECOME FURTHER POWERFUL, COMPACT, RELIABLE, AND AFFORDABLE. AS A RESULT, IT GAVE RISE TO PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) REVOLUTION. IN THIS ERA, TIME- SHARING, ACTUAL TIME NETWORKS, DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM HAD BEEN USED. ALL THE HIGH- LEVEL LANGUAGES LIKE C, C++, DBASE ETC., HAD BEEN USED ON THIS ERA

FOURTH GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION DID THESE COMPUTER EXIST? DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-I(SUPER COMPUTER) CRAY-X-MP(SUPER COMPUTER)

FOURTH GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION IS THIS? VLSI TECHNOLOGY USED VERY CHEAP PORTABLE AND RELIABLE USE OF PCS VERY SMALL SIZE PIPELINE PROCESSING NO AC REQUIRED CONCEPT OF INTERNET WAS INTRODUCED GREAT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELDS OF NETWORKS COMPUTERS BECAME EASILY AVAILABLE

FOURTH GENERATION

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER BY PURPOSE

GENERAL AND SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS

IT HAS THE FUNCTIONALITY OF COPING WITH A LOT OF DIFFERENT PROBLEMS, AND ARE CAPABLE TO ACT IN RESPONSE TO PROGRAMS CREATED TO MEET DIFFERENT NEEDS.

GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS

IN THE 1880S, HERMAN HOLLERITH, A STATISTICIAN IN AMERICA. A BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, ACCOMPLISHED A SET OF MACHINE TO ASSIST DEVELOPING THE OUTCOMES OF THE 1890 CENSUS. USING 3 BY 5 INCH PUNCHED PLAYING CARDS TO DOCUMENT THE RECORDS, HE BUILT AN ELECTROMAGNETIC COUNTING DEVICE CALLED '_________________________' TO SORT THE RECORDS MANUALLY AND TABULATE THE RECORDS.

HOLLERITH'S PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE'

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER TYPE OF DATA HANDLED SPECIAL-PURPOSE MACHINE. IT COMBINES THE MEASURING ABILITIES OF ANALOG AND THE LOGICAL AND MANAGE CAPABILITIES OF DIGITAL COMPUTER. IT COMPRISES AN EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL METHOD OF WORKING OUT SPECIAL FORMS OF PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE AND VARIOUS AREAS OF ENGINEERING. SPACE VEHICLE SIMULATION, PREPARATION OF SPACE PILOTS, ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS RECEIVED FROM SPECIAL SENSORS ATTACHED TO HUMANS AND ANIMALS IN LABORATORIES, AND SOLVING OF VARIETY EQUATIONS FOR CHEMICAL REACTORS.

HYBRID COMPUTERS

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY IT USUALLY CONTAINS FULL CONTROL SYSTEMS WITH MINIMAL OPERATOR INTERVENTION AND HAS STORAGE CAPACITIES FROM 512K TO 8192K WITH NANOSECOND INTERNAL OPERATING SPEEDS. USERS ARE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, LARGE CORPORATIONS, AND COMPUTER SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS. THEY ARE UTILIZED IN COMPLICATED MODELING, OR SIMULATION, ENTERPRISE OPERATIONS, AND WITHIN THE IMPROVEMENT OF AREA TECHNOLOGY. TERMINALS INCLUDING SMALL AND MINICOMPUTERS AT REMOTE LOCATIONS CAN BE CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL LARGE COMPUTER COMPLEX.

LARGE COMPUTERS

LIKE PASCAL, GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ CHANGED INTO A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SCIENTIST WHO IDENTIFIED THE WORTH OF CONSTRUCTING MACHINES THAT WOULD DO MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS AND SAVE LABOR TOO. HE TURNED INTO ONE OF THE BEST MEDICAL GENIUSES OF HIS TIME. _____________________ APPLIED THE IDENTICAL STRATEGIES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION AS PASCAL'S TOOL HOWEVER IT CAN ALSO CARRY OUT MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, AS PROPERLY AN EXTRACT RECTANGULAR ROOTS.

LEIBNIZ'S CALCULATOR

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY PROVIDE QUICKER OPERATING SPEEDS AND LARGE STORAGE CAPACITIES THAN SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS. IT CAN REMOTE TERMINALS IN EXECUTIVE OFFICES AND CAN SERVE THE NEEDS OF A LARGE BANK, INSURANCE COMPANY OR UNIVERSITY. MEMORY SIZES RANGING 32K TO S12K. IT IS FLEXIBLE AND CAN BE EXPANDED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF USERS.

MEDIUM-SIZE COMPUTERS

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY A DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM BELOW THE MANIPULATION OF A STORED PROGRAM THAT MAKES USE OF A MICROPROCESSOR, A PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM), AND A RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM). IT HAS 4K TO 64K STORAGE LOCATIONS AND ARE ABLE TO DEALING WITH SMALL, SINGLE-BUSINESS ENTERPRISE APPLICATION INCLUDING INCOME ANALYSIS, STOCK AND PAYROLL. IT PERFORMS DATA ACQUISITION, MEASUREMENT, AND CONTROL IN METHODS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY SIMPLIFY PRODUCT TESTING AND CONTROL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

MICROCOMPUTERS

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY SMALLER STAND-BY MACHINE THAT DEAL WITH TASKS THAT LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS COULDN'T CARRY OUT ECONOMICALLY, AFFORDS QUICKER RUNNING PACE AND LARGE STORAGE CAPACITIES. IT BECAME USED AS GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ARE MORE EFFECTIVE AND DO NEARLY THE WHOLE THING THE LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS DO HOWEVER MORE SLOWLY AND MORE CHEAPLY. IT HAS 8K TO 256K MEMORY STORAGE LOCATION AND RELATIVELY ESTABLISHED APPLICATIONS' SOFTWARE

MINICOMPUTERS

JOHN NAPIER WAS A FAMOUS SCOTTISH MATHEMATICIAN WHO DISCOVERED LOGARITHMS. THE USE OF "LOGS" ENABLED HIM TO LESSEN ANY MANIPULATION PROBLEM TO A PROBLEM OF ADDITION. AFTER THE INVENTION OF ABACUS, NAPIER INVENTED THE SO CALLED "______________" IN THE YEAR 1617. THE INVENTION IS A SET OF ELEVEN RODS THAT WAS CALLED "BONES" BECAUSE IT WAS MADE OF BONE OR IVORY. EACH ELEVEN RODS OR THE "BONES" HAS A NUMBER MARKED ON THEM SO THAT BY SIMPLY PLACING THE RODS SIDE BY SIDE THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS OF LARGE AMOUNT OF NUMBERS CAN BE ATTAINED.

NAPIER'S BONES

THREE YEARS AFTER THE INVENTION OF 'NAPIER'S BONES' THE "__________________________" WAS INVENTED. IT WAS INVENTED BY AN ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN WILLIAM OUGHTRED IN THE YEAR 1620. IT INCLUDES MOVABLE RULERS POSITIONED ASPECT WITH EACH SIDE. EACH RULER IS MARKED OFF IN THIS SORT OF MANNER THAT THE REAL DISTANCES FROM THE START OF THE RULER ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOGARITHMS OF THE NUMBERS.

OUGHTRED'S SLIDE RULE

BLAISE PASCAL, A FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST WHO TURNED INTO ONE OF THE FIRST MODERN SCIENTISTS TO INCREASE AND CONSTRUCT THE CALCULATOR. IN 1645, HE DEVISED A CALCULATING DEVICE CALLED '_________________' THAT CAPABLE TO ADD AND SUBTRACT NUMBERS. THE DEVICE WAS OPERATED THROUGH DEALING A CHAIN OF WHEELS. APPROXIMATELY THE SCALE OF A CIGAR BOX, PASCAL'S INVENTION COULD ADD AND SUBTRACT NUMBERS COMPRISE UP TO 8 DIGITS.

PASCAL'S CALCULATOR

THE ERA OF _________________ TECHNOLOGY WAS FROM 1959-1965. IN THIS ERA, TRANSISTORS HAVE BEEN USED THAT HAVE BEEN CHEAPER, SPENT MUCH LESS POWER, EXTRA COMPACT IN SIZE, EXTRA DEPENDABLE AND QUICKER THAN THE PRIMARY ERA MACHINES MANUFACTURED FROM VACUUM TUBES. IN THIS ERA, MAGNETIC CORES HAVE BEEN USED BECAUSE THE PRIMARY MEMORY AND MAGNETIC TAPE AND MAGNETIC DISKS AS SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES. IN THIS GENERATION, ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LIKE FORTRAN, COBOL HAVE BEEN USED. THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS USED BATCH PROCESSING AND MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

SECOND GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION DID THESE COMPUTER EXIST? IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

SECOND GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION IS THIS? USE OF TRANSISTORS RELIABLE IN COMPARISON TO FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS SMALLER SIZE AS COMPARED TO FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS GENERATED LESS HEAT AS COMPARED TO FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS CONSUMED LESS ELECTRICITY AS COMPARED TO FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS FASTER THAN FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS STILL VERY COSTLY AC REQUIRED SUPPORTED MACHINE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES

SECOND GENERATION

THE PLAN OF THIS CLASSIFICATION IS TO CARRY OUT ONE DISTINCTIVE TASKS. THE PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION IS CONSTRUCTED INTO, OR COMPLETELY SAVED IN THE MACHINE AND COMMONLY REFERRED AS "DEDICATED".

SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY BIGGEST AND QUICKEST MACHINE WHICH ARE USED WHEN MILLIONS OF CALCULATIONS ARE NEEDED. ESSENTIAL FOR PROGRAMS STARTING FROM NUCLEAR WEAPON IMPROVEMENT AND ACCURATE CLIMATE FORECASTING AND SERVES AS HOST PROCESSORS FOR NEARBY COMPUTER AND TIME-SHARING NETWORKS. THEIR SPEED IS WITHIN THE 100- MILLION-INSTRUCTIONS-PER-2D RANGE. IT NORMALLY SACRIFICES A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF FLEXIBILITY BECAUSE OF ITS SIZE.

SUPERCOMPUTER

THE ERA OF _________________ TECHNOLOGY BECAME FROM 1965-1971. THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS USED INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS) IN PLACE OF TRANSISTORS. A SINGLE IC HAS MANY TRANSISTORS, RESISTORS, AND CAPACITORS AT THE SIDE OF THE RELATED CIRCUITRY. THE IC WAS INVENTED BY JACK KILBY. THIS DEVELOPMENT MADE COMPUTER STRUCTURES SMALLER IN SIZE, RELIABLE, AND EFFICIENT. IN THIS GENERATION FAR-OFF PROCESSINGterm-15, TIME-SHARING, MULTIPROGRAMMING WORKING DEVICE HAVE BEEN USED. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES WERE USED DURING THIS GENERATION.

THIRD GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION DID THESE COMPUTER EXIST? IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

THIRD GENERATION

WHAT GENERATION IS THIS? IC USED MORE RELIABLE INCOMPARISON TO PREVIOUS TWO GENERATIONS SMALLER SIZE GENERATED LESS HEAT FASTER LESSER MAINTENANCE COSTLY AC REQUIRED CONSUMED LESSER ELECTRICITY SUPPORTED HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE

THIRD GENERATION