CDEV 21 - Chapter 3
How can HIV infection in infants be reduced?
-Birth via cesarean section -Feeding with formula
What negatively effects the quality of sperm?
-Exposure to radiation -Exposure to toxins
What does regular exercise during pregnancy do?
-Improves respiration -Prevents constipation -Improves circulation
How might unusual or extreme maternal stress during pregnancy affect the child?
-Irritable infants -Behavioral problems in early childhood
What are outcomes of women with calorie deficiencies taking caloric dietary supplements?
-More visually-alert infants -More active infants -Bigger infants
What are possible effects of chronic maternal stress during pregnancy?
-Premature delivery -Reduced immune functioning of mother
Pregnant women with the Zika virus are at risk of having babies with which problems?
-Seizures -Feeding problems -Microcephaly
What are true statements about obese mothers?
-They are more likely to miscarry. -They are more likely to have complications during pregnancy.
To avoid toxoplasmosis infection, pregnant women should do what?
-Thoroughly wash raw fruit and vegetables. -Avoid eating raw or very rare meat.
Adolescents typically deliver what type of baby?
-Underweight -Premature
How can pregnant women who live in or who are traveling to countries where Zika is common protect themselves from the virus?
-Wear pants and long-sleeve shirts. -Use mosquito repellent.
Fertilization typically takes place in the _____ _____
-fallopian -tube or tubes
A condition where the baby's spinal cord is not properly enclosed is called _____ _____
-spina -bifida
The embryonic period occurs from about_____to eight weeksafter conception.
2
The germinal period of prenatal development takes place in the first _____ weeks after conception.
2
How much weight should an underweight woman gain during pregnancy?
28 to 40 pounds
Pregnant women need _____ to 500 additional calories per day.
300
How many additional calories do pregnant women need per day?
300 to 500
What is the normal range for gestation?
37 to 41 weeks
The span from fertilization to birth usually lasts 37 to _____weeks.
41
The HIV virus causes what disease?
AIDS
What is a teratogen?
An environmental agent that can interfere with fetal development
What occurs in the germinal stage?
Division of the zygote
Regarding diet, what should the mother do during pregnancy?
Eat a healthy diet that provides adequate calories.
Regarding physical activity, what is the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendation for women in low-risk pregnancies?
Exercise moderately
Marlene is at the 7th month of her pregnancy. What stage of prenatal development is she in?
Fetal
What is the prenatal stage that lasts about seven months?
Fetal
What is the combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily called?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is an outcome of maternal calorie deficiency?
Fetal growth restriction
What prenatal stage is characterized by rapid cell division, increasing complexity and differentiation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus?
Germinal
Which person has the most environmental influence on a fetus?
Mother
In the last few rubella outbreaks in the United States, which group was most likely to become infected with rubella?
People unvaccinated against rubella
What is gestation?
Prenatal period of development, from conception to birth
Which statement is true of rubella (German measles) and prenatal development?
Rubella has the greatest effect during the first trimester.
What is an outcome of maternal micronutrient deficiency?
Soft-boned infants
When are babies the most susceptible to maternal drug use?
The first trimester
How can HIV-positive mothers infect their infants with HIV?
Through breast milk
Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting what disease?
Toxoplasmosis
What is the best course of action for a pregnant woman to take if she has an infection?
Treat it immediately.
Children born to malnourished mothers are more likely than other children to be malformed.
True
If malnutrition is diagnosed early in pregnancy and treated, long-range effects on the baby can be decreased.
True
Multivitamin supplements taken by diabetic mothers during the first trimester can reduce the risk of birth defects.
True
Which ethnic group receives the best prenatal care?
White
A congenital absence of all or a major part of the brain is known as
anencephaly.
Anencephaly is a condition in which the ______ is incompletely or improperly formed.
brain
Women who experience moderate anxiety while pregnant may activate organization of the child's developing
brain
Toxoplasmosis can be caught from the feces of which animal?
cat
A woman who is obese risks having a baby that has to be delivered by _____ section.
cesarean
Melinda is three weeks pregnant. The developing organism is in the ______ stage.
embryonic
The stage that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the
embryonic stage.
Pregnant women should avoid strenuous
exercise
Where does fertilization usually occur?
fallopian tubes
The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _____ stage.
fetal
One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called _____ _____
folic acid
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the
germinal stage.
Infant mortality rates are _____ (higher/lower) for non-Hispanic blacks than for whites.
higher
Moderate maternal anxiety experienced during pregnancy can cause children to score _____ (higher/lower) on motor and mental development than peers their same age whose moms did not experience anxiety during pregnancy
higher
AIDS is a disease that damages the body's _____ system.
immune, immunological or autoimmune
Mothers with moderate stress during pregnancy had children who had
improved motor skills.
Women who are overweight before becoming pregnant and during the earlymonths of pregnancy tend to have _____ deliveries.
longer or long
There is a 90% chance of _____ or stillbirth for women age 45 and older.
miscarriage or spontaneous abortion
Women who experience ______ anxiety while pregnant may activate organization of the child's developing brain.
moderate
During pregnancy, ____exercise does not seem to endanger the fetuses of healthy women.
moderate or regular
Mothers who do NOT consume enough calories during pregnancy actually might be putting their children at risk to be _____ (obese/underweight) later in life.
obese
Very large babies are more likely to become _____ later in life.
overweight, obese, or overweight or obese
German measles or _____ is most dangerous to the fetus during the first ten weeks of pregnancy.
rubella
In spina bifida, the baby's _____ _____ is notproperly enclosed.
spinal cord
If a woman contracts ______ from cat feces, she could have a child with brain damage and blindness.
toxoplasmosis