CDEV 21 - Chapter 3

How can HIV infection in infants be reduced?

-Birth via cesarean section -Feeding with formula

What negatively effects the quality of sperm?

-Exposure to radiation -Exposure to toxins

What does regular exercise during pregnancy do?

-Improves respiration -Prevents constipation -Improves circulation

How might unusual or extreme maternal stress during pregnancy affect the child?

-Irritable infants -Behavioral problems in early childhood

What are outcomes of women with calorie deficiencies taking caloric dietary supplements?

-More visually-alert infants -More active infants -Bigger infants

What are possible effects of chronic maternal stress during pregnancy?

-Premature delivery -Reduced immune functioning of mother

Pregnant women with the Zika virus are at risk of having babies with which problems?

-Seizures -Feeding problems -Microcephaly

What are true statements about obese mothers?

-They are more likely to miscarry. -They are more likely to have complications during pregnancy.

To avoid toxoplasmosis infection, pregnant women should do what?

-Thoroughly wash raw fruit and vegetables. -Avoid eating raw or very rare meat.

Adolescents typically deliver what type of baby?

-Underweight -Premature

How can pregnant women who live in or who are traveling to countries where Zika is common protect themselves from the virus?

-Wear pants and long-sleeve shirts. -Use mosquito repellent.

Fertilization typically takes place in the _____ _____

-fallopian -tube or tubes

A condition where the baby's spinal cord is not properly enclosed is called _____ _____

-spina -bifida

The embryonic period occurs from about_____to eight weeksafter conception.

2

The germinal period of prenatal development takes place in the first _____ weeks after conception.

2

How much weight should an underweight woman gain during pregnancy?

28 to 40 pounds

Pregnant women need _____ to 500 additional calories per day.

300

How many additional calories do pregnant women need per day?

300 to 500

What is the normal range for gestation?

37 to 41 weeks

The span from fertilization to birth usually lasts 37 to _____weeks.

41

The HIV virus causes what disease?

AIDS

What is a teratogen?

An environmental agent that can interfere with fetal development

What occurs in the germinal stage?

Division of the zygote

Regarding diet, what should the mother do during pregnancy?

Eat a healthy diet that provides adequate calories.

Regarding physical activity, what is the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendation for women in low-risk pregnancies?

Exercise moderately

Marlene is at the 7th month of her pregnancy. What stage of prenatal development is she in?

Fetal

What is the prenatal stage that lasts about seven months?

Fetal

What is the combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily called?

Fetal alcohol syndrome

What is an outcome of maternal calorie deficiency?

Fetal growth restriction

What prenatal stage is characterized by rapid cell division, increasing complexity and differentiation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus?

Germinal

Which person has the most environmental influence on a fetus?

Mother

In the last few rubella outbreaks in the United States, which group was most likely to become infected with rubella?

People unvaccinated against rubella

What is gestation?

Prenatal period of development, from conception to birth

Which statement is true of rubella (German measles) and prenatal development?

Rubella has the greatest effect during the first trimester.

What is an outcome of maternal micronutrient deficiency?

Soft-boned infants

When are babies the most susceptible to maternal drug use?

The first trimester

How can HIV-positive mothers infect their infants with HIV?

Through breast milk

Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting what disease?

Toxoplasmosis

What is the best course of action for a pregnant woman to take if she has an infection?

Treat it immediately.

Children born to malnourished mothers are more likely than other children to be malformed.

True

If malnutrition is diagnosed early in pregnancy and treated, long-range effects on the baby can be decreased.

True

Multivitamin supplements taken by diabetic mothers during the first trimester can reduce the risk of birth defects.

True

Which ethnic group receives the best prenatal care?

White

A congenital absence of all or a major part of the brain is known as

anencephaly.

Anencephaly is a condition in which the ______ is incompletely or improperly formed.

brain

Women who experience moderate anxiety while pregnant may activate organization of the child's developing

brain

Toxoplasmosis can be caught from the feces of which animal?

cat

A woman who is obese risks having a baby that has to be delivered by _____ section.

cesarean

Melinda is three weeks pregnant. The developing organism is in the ______ stage.

embryonic

The stage that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the

embryonic stage.

Pregnant women should avoid strenuous

exercise

Where does fertilization usually occur?

fallopian tubes

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _____ stage.

fetal

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called _____ _____

folic acid

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the

germinal stage.

Infant mortality rates are _____ (higher/lower) for non-Hispanic blacks than for whites.

higher

Moderate maternal anxiety experienced during pregnancy can cause children to score _____ (higher/lower) on motor and mental development than peers their same age whose moms did not experience anxiety during pregnancy

higher

AIDS is a disease that damages the body's _____ system.

immune, immunological or autoimmune

Mothers with moderate stress during pregnancy had children who had

improved motor skills.

Women who are overweight before becoming pregnant and during the earlymonths of pregnancy tend to have _____ deliveries.

longer or long

There is a 90% chance of _____ or stillbirth for women age 45 and older.

miscarriage or spontaneous abortion

Women who experience ______ anxiety while pregnant may activate organization of the child's developing brain.

moderate

During pregnancy, ____exercise does not seem to endanger the fetuses of healthy women.

moderate or regular

Mothers who do NOT consume enough calories during pregnancy actually might be putting their children at risk to be _____ (obese/underweight) later in life.

obese

Very large babies are more likely to become _____ later in life.

overweight, obese, or overweight or obese

German measles or _____ is most dangerous to the fetus during the first ten weeks of pregnancy.

rubella

In spina bifida, the baby's _____ _____ is notproperly enclosed.

spinal cord

If a woman contracts ______ from cat feces, she could have a child with brain damage and blindness.

toxoplasmosis