Cells
Most of the reactions by which energy from carbohydrates is released for use by the cell take place within the
mitochondria
plant vacuoles give
turgor pressure
mitochondria
-aerobic respiration -36ATP -e- transport (chemiosmosis)
Mitochondria provide ribosomes with
ATP for protein synthesis
all cells have the same
DNA/genes
antigens
carb chins off cell membranes (ID's)
Some viruses attack cells by attaching to their outer covering, entering, and taking over their genetic "machinery." Viruses are able to invade cells after first attaching to their
cell membrane
The respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to which organelle in a single celled organism?
cell membrane
Use stem cells to
grow organs
to clone need egg
has enzymes necessary for cell division/mitosis
eukaryote
have membrane bound organelles
stem cells
indifferent (no DNA turn on yet)
prokaryotes
no membrane bound organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
resturaunt
ER
rough & smooth part
Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is different because
the mitochondria converts chemical energy from food into ATP
like cloning but in plants (asexual)
vegetative propagation
nucleolus
(dark spot in nucleus) makes ribosomes-made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
rough ER
(has ribosomes)=makes proteins-like hormones-insulin & enzymes
microtubules
-cilia & flagella -cilia in oviducts
lysosomes have
-digestive enzymes -catalase (break down peroxide (water) from cells)
intermediate filaments
-don't move-provide cell shape & other cell organelles -support axon of nuetron -support muscle cells so don't tear
how to make protein
-mRNA leaves nucleus to ribosomes -ribosomes make protein -Golgi packages protein -protein stays in cell or leaves cell
Cytoskeleton
-microfilaments -intermediate -microtubules
Golgi
-packages material in vesicles -separates proteins form lipids
centrioles/centrosomes
-results in cilia/flagella -plants do not have
What is common to all cells?
All cells divide to form new cells
A deletion of a DNA segment alters a gene in a single skin cell of an individual. Which statement best describes a result of this mutation?
Any cell produced from this skin cell will have the same mutation
Atom->Molecule/Compound->Organelle->Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism
Atom=CHNOPS Molecule/Compound=carbs, lipids, protein,nucleic acid Organelle=mito, ER, Golgi, lysosomes Tissue=muscle, bone Organ=heart, liver, pancreas
Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics?
They contain genetic material.
adrenal gland cell's ribosomes make
adrenaline (a protein)
lysosomes do
aerobic respiration
lysosomes break down
alcohol/poison (in liver)
Endosymbiotic theory
bacteria engulfed another but was not digested -lived in symbiosis
ribosomes
chefs make protein
chromosomes normally in a
chromatin (thin state) until divide=mitosis
fraternal twins=
different DNA
as cells differentiate
different genes/DNA turns on
The chemiosmotic gradient in aerobic respiration is able to function because the movement of H+ ions from high to low concentrations is
exergonic
microfilaments
for movement -help amoeba move -made of actin & miosis protein=muscle contraction
mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own DNA, ribosomes, & can divide independently of the cell -believed evolved from prokaryotic (bacteria) cell
pancreas cell's ribosomes make
insulin (a protein)
Tay-sach disease
lysosomes in herons missing enzyme
amoeba & white blood cells use
lysosomes to digest food
in the nucleus DNA never leaves but
mRNA does
smooth ER
make lipids -phospholipids (cell membrane) & sex hormones/steroids
The function of which cell part is most similar to that of the human excretory system ( get rid off materials or waste products from cell)?
membrane
Certain seaweeds contain a greater concentration of iodine inside their cells than there is in the seawater surrounding them. The energy required to maintain this concentration difference is most closely associated with the action of
mitochondria
What can be present in both animal and plant cells?
mitochondria
In which cell structure is energy extracted from nutrients
mitochondrion
your mitochondria came from
mom
The removal of mitochondria from a typical animal cell would have an immediate effect on the cell's production of
oxygen
Fluidity of the cell membrane is caused by
phospholipids
identical twins=
same DNA
lysosome seeds break down
starch
An ameba is a single-celled organism. It uses its cell membrane to obtain food from its environment, digests the food with the help of organelles called lysosomes, and uses other organelles to process the digested food. From this, we can best infer that
structures in amebas have functions similar to organs in multicellular organisms
lysosomes digest
tail of tadpole
In a laboratory, Enzyme Y is produced through dehydration synthesis involving the addition of ATP. When Y is hydrolyzed to recover amino acids, heat is released. This illustrates
the 1st law of thermodynamics
Which organism is considered an exception to the cell theory because it has a noncellular structure?
virus