Cells

Most of the reactions by which energy from carbohydrates is released for use by the cell take place within the

mitochondria

plant vacuoles give

turgor pressure

mitochondria

-aerobic respiration -36ATP -e- transport (chemiosmosis)

Mitochondria provide ribosomes with

ATP for protein synthesis

all cells have the same

DNA/genes

antigens

carb chins off cell membranes (ID's)

Some viruses attack cells by attaching to their outer covering, entering, and taking over their genetic "machinery." Viruses are able to invade cells after first attaching to their

cell membrane

The respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to which organelle in a single celled organism?

cell membrane

Use stem cells to

grow organs

to clone need egg

has enzymes necessary for cell division/mitosis

eukaryote

have membrane bound organelles

stem cells

indifferent (no DNA turn on yet)

prokaryotes

no membrane bound organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

resturaunt

ER

rough & smooth part

Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is different because

the mitochondria converts chemical energy from food into ATP

like cloning but in plants (asexual)

vegetative propagation

nucleolus

(dark spot in nucleus) makes ribosomes-made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

rough ER

(has ribosomes)=makes proteins-like hormones-insulin & enzymes

microtubules

-cilia & flagella -cilia in oviducts

lysosomes have

-digestive enzymes -catalase (break down peroxide (water) from cells)

intermediate filaments

-don't move-provide cell shape & other cell organelles -support axon of nuetron -support muscle cells so don't tear

how to make protein

-mRNA leaves nucleus to ribosomes -ribosomes make protein -Golgi packages protein -protein stays in cell or leaves cell

Cytoskeleton

-microfilaments -intermediate -microtubules

Golgi

-packages material in vesicles -separates proteins form lipids

centrioles/centrosomes

-results in cilia/flagella -plants do not have

What is common to all cells?

All cells divide to form new cells

A deletion of a DNA segment alters a gene in a single skin cell of an individual. Which statement best describes a result of this mutation?

Any cell produced from this skin cell will have the same mutation

Atom->Molecule/Compound->Organelle->Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism

Atom=CHNOPS Molecule/Compound=carbs, lipids, protein,nucleic acid Organelle=mito, ER, Golgi, lysosomes Tissue=muscle, bone Organ=heart, liver, pancreas

Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics?

They contain genetic material.

adrenal gland cell's ribosomes make

adrenaline (a protein)

lysosomes do

aerobic respiration

lysosomes break down

alcohol/poison (in liver)

Endosymbiotic theory

bacteria engulfed another but was not digested -lived in symbiosis

ribosomes

chefs make protein

chromosomes normally in a

chromatin (thin state) until divide=mitosis

fraternal twins=

different DNA

as cells differentiate

different genes/DNA turns on

The chemiosmotic gradient in aerobic respiration is able to function because the movement of H+ ions from high to low concentrations is

exergonic

microfilaments

for movement -help amoeba move -made of actin & miosis protein=muscle contraction

mitochondria & chloroplasts

have their own DNA, ribosomes, & can divide independently of the cell -believed evolved from prokaryotic (bacteria) cell

pancreas cell's ribosomes make

insulin (a protein)

Tay-sach disease

lysosomes in herons missing enzyme

amoeba & white blood cells use

lysosomes to digest food

in the nucleus DNA never leaves but

mRNA does

smooth ER

make lipids -phospholipids (cell membrane) & sex hormones/steroids

The function of which cell part is most similar to that of the human excretory system ( get rid off materials or waste products from cell)?

membrane

Certain seaweeds contain a greater concentration of iodine inside their cells than there is in the seawater surrounding them. The energy required to maintain this concentration difference is most closely associated with the action of

mitochondria

What can be present in both animal and plant cells?

mitochondria

In which cell structure is energy extracted from nutrients

mitochondrion

your mitochondria came from

mom

The removal of mitochondria from a typical animal cell would have an immediate effect on the cell's production of

oxygen

Fluidity of the cell membrane is caused by

phospholipids

identical twins=

same DNA

lysosome seeds break down

starch

An ameba is a single-celled organism. It uses its cell membrane to obtain food from its environment, digests the food with the help of organelles called lysosomes, and uses other organelles to process the digested food. From this, we can best infer that

structures in amebas have functions similar to organs in multicellular organisms

lysosomes digest

tail of tadpole

In a laboratory, Enzyme Y is produced through dehydration synthesis involving the addition of ATP. When Y is hydrolyzed to recover amino acids, heat is released. This illustrates

the 1st law of thermodynamics

Which organism is considered an exception to the cell theory because it has a noncellular structure?

virus