cellular respiration mastering bio

During which of the following metabolic processes is most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released? 1.the citric acid cycle 2.electron transport 3.glycolysis 4.oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

1

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells? 1.mitochondrial intermembrane space 2.cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial outer membrane 3.mitochondrial inner membrane 4.mitochondrial matrix

1

How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? 1.The individual's ATP production will not change significantly. 2.The individual's ATP production will increase significantly. 3.The individual's ATP production will decrease significantly.

1

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, ________. 1.two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced 2.two molecules of ATP are used, and six molecules of ATP are produced 3.four molecules of ATP are used, and two molecules of ATP are produced 4.two molecules of ATP are used, and two molecules of ATP are produced

1

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? 1.It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. 2.It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. 3.It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 4.It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis.

1

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A. Which of the following sets of products result from these reactions? 1.acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2 2.acetyl CoA, FADH2, and CO2 3.acetyl CoA, NAD+, ATP, and CO2 4.acetyl CoA, O2, and ATP

1

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration? Hints 1.Carbon dioxide 2.NADH 3.ATP 4.Water

1

Most C O 2 from catabolism is released during 1.the citric acid cycle. 2.lactate fermentation. 3.glycolysis. 4.electron transport. 5.oxidative phosphorylation.

1

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? 1.Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. 2.There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis. 3.Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. 4.Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

1

Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle? 1.NADH and FADH2 2.the electron transport chain 3.ADP and ATP 4.NAD+ only

1

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain? 1.the harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 2.the breakdown of glucose into six carbon dioxide molecules 3.the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide 4.substrate-level phosphorylation

1

Which of the following is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells? 1.Valence electrons have a higher energy level than those in other filled shells. 2.Electrons must lose energy to move from the first to the second shell. 3.All the electrons in an atom have similar energy levels. 4.Electrons do not have potential energy, just kinetic energy.

1

Which of the following metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? 1.glycolysis and fermentation 2.oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 3.fermentation and chemiosmosis 4.citric acid cycle

1

Which of the following processes is driven by chemiosmosis? 1.oxidative phosphorylation 2.substrate-level phosphorylation 3.reduction of NAD+ to NADH 4.ATP hydrolysis

1

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? Hints 1.NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. 2.Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain. 3.Water is the last electron acceptor. 4.The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration.

1

Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions? Hints 1.A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron. 2.The reactant that is oxidized loses electrons. 3.The electron acceptor is reduced. 4.Changes in potential energy can be released as heat.

1

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? 1.FADH2 2.NADH 3.pyruvate 4.ATP

1

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? 1.acetyl CoA 2.CO2 3.NADH + H+ 4.ATP 5.FADH2

1

Why are carbohydrates and fats frequently considered high-energy foods? 1.They contain many electrons associated with hydrogen atoms. 2.They contain no nitrogen atoms. 3.They are strong oxidizing molecules. 4.They contain many oxygen atoms.

1

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when 1.the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements. 2.one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other. 3.the two atoms sharing electrons have the same electronegativity. 4.the two atoms sharing electrons are the same elements.

2

A person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of body fat in just two weeks. What is the most likely way that the lost fat left the body? 1.It was converted to heat and then released. 2.It was released as CO2 and H2O. 3.It was eliminated from the body as feces. 4.It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat.

2

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP +Pi to ATP? 1.energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport chain 2.energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient 3.energy released as electrons are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane 4.energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation

2

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? 1.hexokinase 2.ATP 3.ADP 4.FADH2 5.NADPH

2

In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? Hints 1.none, because in the absence of oxygen, no ATP can be made 2.two ATP 3.up to 30 ATP 4.four ATP 5.none, because all of the available energy remains in either lactate or ethanol

2

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. 1.photophosphorylation 2.substrate-level phosphorylation 3.oxidative phosphorylation 4.cellular respiration 5.photosynthesis

2

In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction. Use your knowledge of the first three stages of cellular respiration to determine which explanation is correct. Hints 1.More ATP is produced per CO2 released in cyclic processes than in linear processes. 2.It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA. 3.Redox reactions that simultaneously produce CO2 and NADH occur only in cyclic processes. 4.Cyclic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, require a different mechanism of ATP synthesis than linear processes, such as glycolysis.

2

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 1. 2% 2. 100% 3. 0% 4. 38%

2

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is 1.ADP. 2.oxygen. 3.water. 4.pyruvate. 5.NAD+.

2

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? 1.mitochondrial matrix 2.mitochondrial inner membrane 3.mitochondrial intermembrane space 4.mitochondrial outer membrane

2

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? 1.an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 2.an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 3.an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 4.an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+

2

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP? Hints 1.ADP 2.Glucose 3.Carbon dioxide 4.Phosphate

2

Which of the following metabolic processes normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present? 1.lactate fermentation 2.glycolysis 3.oxidative phosphorylation 4.citric acid cycle

2

Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration? 1.It serves as an acceptor for carbon, forming CO2 in the citric acid cycle. 2.It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chain. 3.It yields energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the electron transport chain. 4.It oxidizes glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate.

2

Which of the following statements describes what happens to a molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction? 1.It gains electrons and gains potential energy. 2.It loses electrons and loses potential energy. 3.It gains electrons and loses potential energy. 4.It loses electrons and gains potential energy.

2

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen? Hints 1.Fermentation 2.Glycolysis 3.Krebs cycle 4.Electron transport chain

2

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? 1.It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 2.It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 3.It is present in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 4.It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

2

cell has enough available ATP to meet its needs for about 30 seconds. What is likely to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply? 1.ATP is transported into the cell from the circulatory system. 2.Catabolic processes are activated that generate more ATP. 3.Other cells take over, and the muscle cells that have used up their ATP cease to function. 4.He or she has to sit down and rest.

2

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose? Hints 1.It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 2.It is stored in pyruvate. 3.It is stored in NADH and FADH2 4.It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules released by these processes. 5.It was lost as heat.

3

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? 1.fermentation and glycolysis 2.oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation 3.oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 4.glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

3

During aerobic respiration, which of the following molecules directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? 1.water 2.ATP 3.FADH2 4.NADH

3

Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed? Hints 1.Oxygen, nonpolar. 2.Hydrogen, nonpolar. 3.Hydrogen, polar. 4.Oxygen, polar.

3

If glucose is the sole energy source, what fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated only by the reactions involved in oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? 1. 1/6 2. 2/3 3. 1/3 4. all of it

3

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. 1.photosynthesis 2.oxidative phosphorylation 3.substrate-level phosphorylation 4.photophosphorylation 5.cellular respiration

3

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2? Hints 1.to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi 2.to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle 3.to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain 4.to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient

3

Select the correct statement about cellular respiration. 1.Animals carry out cellular respiration whereas plants carry out photosynthesis. 2.Plants carry out cellular respiration only in organs such as roots that cannot carry out photosynthesis. 3.Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level.

3

Starting with one molecule of glucose, glycolysis results in the net production of which of the following sets of energy-containing products? 1. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 2. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 3. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 4. 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP

3

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? Hints 1.NADH 2.ATP 3.water 4.carbon dioxide 5.oxygen

3

What happens to a glucose molecule when it loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction? 1.The glucose molecule is an oxidizing agent. 2.The glucose molecule is reduced. 3.The glucose molecule is oxidized. 4.The glucose molecule is hydrolyzed.

3

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? 1.the electron transport chain 2.synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate 3.glycolysis 4.the citric acid cycle 5.reduction of pyruvate to lactate

3

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true? 1.NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. 2.NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. 3.NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. 4.In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

3

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct? Hints 1.The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 2.Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P. 3.The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. 4.The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells, because it occurs in mitochondria. 5.Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.

3

Which of the following statements describes a primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation? 1.reduction of NAD+ to NADH 2.reduction of FAD to FADH2 3.oxidation of NADH to NAD+ 4.hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + i

3

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate? 1.citrate 2.ATP 3.acetyl CoA 4.water

3

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? Hints 1.Krebs cycle 2.Glycolysis 3.Fermentation 4.Electron transport chain

3

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP? Hints 1.Glycolysis 2.Krebs cycle 3.Electron transport and chemiosmosis 4.Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate

3

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons? Hints 1.Reduction. 2.Oxidation. 3.Electronegativity. 4.Polarity.

3

Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other? Hints 1.Ionic and covalent. 2.Polar and nonpolar. 3.Anion and cation. 4.Proton and electron.

3

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells? 1.mitochondrial intermembrane space 2.cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial outer membrane 3.mitochondrial inner membrane 4.mitochondrial matrix

4

Fatty acids usually have an even number of carbons in their structures. Catabolism of fatty acids produces two-carbon fragments that are converted to acetyl CoA molecules. What is the most likely way in which these acetyl CoA molecules would be metabolized in aerobic cellular respiration? 1.They would directly enter the energy-yielding phase of glycolysis. 2.They would be converted to pyruvate and then undergo pyruvate oxidation upon transport into mitochondria. 3.They would directly enter the electron transport chain. 4.They would directly enter the citric acid cycle.

4

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is stored in the form of which of the following molecules? 1.acetyl-CoA 2.NAD+ 3.pyruvate 4.NADH

4

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.) Hints 1.Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop. 2.Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected. 3.Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected. 4.Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

4

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. 1.lactate ... NADH 2.NADH ... lactate 3.NAD+ ... pyruvate 4.pyruvate ... NADH 5.lactate ... ethanol

4

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. 1.lactate, NADH, and ATP 2.pyruvate 3.carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP 4.lactate and NAD+ 5.carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+

4

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of which of the following sets of molecules? 1.ATP, NADH, and ethanol 2.ATP, CO2, and acetyl CoA 3.ATP, CO2, and lactate 4.ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

4

In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced? Hints 1.ATP is consumed, and oxygen is produced. 2.Oxygen is consumed, and glucose is produced. 3.Carbon dioxide is consumed, and water is produced. 4.Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced. 5.Water is consumed, and ATP is produced.

4

New biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, can alert serious athletes that they are about to "hit the wall" and will find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate, a form of lactic acid, released in sweat during strenuous exercise. Which of the statements below is the best explanation of why athletes would need to monitor lactate levels? 1.During aerobic respiration, muscle cells cannot produce enough lactate to fuel muscle cell contractions, and muscles begin to cramp, thus athletic performance suffers. 2.During aerobic respiration, muscles cells produce too much lactate, which causes a rise in the pH of the muscle cells, thus athletes must consume increased amounts of sports drinks, high in electrolytes, to buffer the pH. 3.During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells receive too little oxygen and begin to convert lactate to pyruvate (pyruvic acid), thus athletes experience cramping and fatigue. 4.During anaerobic respiration, lactate levels increase when muscles cells need more energy; however, muscles cells eventually fatigue, thus athletes should modify their activities to increase aerobic respiration.

4

The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis. PFK is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules? 1.citrate and CO2 2.glucose and NAD+ 3.AMP and ATP 4.ATP and citrate

4

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events? 1.the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2.the citric acid cycle 3.glycolysis 4.accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

4

Two molecules with the chemical formulas C6H12O6 and C6H12O2 are probably 1.a nucleic acid and a fat 2.a monosaccharide and a nucleotide 3.a fat and a nucleotide 4.a monosaccharide and a fatty acid

4

Water is one of the end products of aerobic respiration. What is the source of the oxygen atom used in formation of the water? 1.pyruvate (C3H3O3-) 2.glucose (C6H12O6) 3.carbon dioxide (CO2) 4.molecular oxygen (O2)

4

What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride? Hints 1.Nonpolar covalent. 2.Polar covalent. 3.Redox. 4.Ionic.

4

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes _____. 1.oxidized 2.dehydrogenated 3.redoxed 4.reduced

4

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration? Hints 1.catabolism of sugars and related compounds 2.the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water 3..producing complex molecules from chemical building blocks 4.transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work 5.breaking down ATP, so that ADP and P can be reused

4

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? 1.The products have more total energy than the reactants. 2.The reaction goes only in a forward direction: All reactants will be converted to products. 3.A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. 4.The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

4

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? 1.It is driven by ATP hydrolysis. 2.It includes a series of hydrolysis reactions associated with mitochondrial membranes. 3.It occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4.It consists of a series of redox reactions

4

Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule? Hints 1.There is equal sharing of the electrons between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms, and the net charge is zero. 2.Oxygen acts as the electron acceptor and is oxidized. 3.The electron in each hydrogen atom is completely transferred to the oxygen atom, and each hydrogen atom has a net charge of +1. 4.Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero.

4

Which of the summary statements below describes the results of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 1.O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized. 2.O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced. 3.CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized. 4.C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

4

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy? 1.cholesterol 2.amino acids 3.fatty acids 4.glucose

4

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions? Hints 1.NADH only 2.CO2 only 3.pyruvate and ATP only 4.O2 only 5.pyruvate, ATP, and NADH 6.ATP and NADH only 7.ATP only

5

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis? Hints 1.It requires ATP and NADH. 2.It converts one glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate and carbon dioxide. 3.Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria. 4.Glycolysis produces 30 ATP from each molecule of glucose. 5.It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.

5

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? 1.pyruvate 2.NADH + H+ 3.G3P 4.glucose 5.acetyl CoA

5

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct? Hints 1.The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide. 2.The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis. 3.The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen. 4.The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain. 5.The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

5

Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2? Hints 1.It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH. 2.The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2. 3.There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration. 4.FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle. 5.Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

5

aerobic oxidation

acetyl co a

what are the 3 net inputs for glycolysis

adp, nad, glucose

what are the 4 net outputs for the citric acid cycle

coenzyme a, co2, nadh, atp

this is where glycolysis ocurrs

cytosol

An ______ is required in order for the reaction to occur.

enzyme

fermentation in yeast and bacteria

ethanol

In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is

glucose

this is where oxidative phosphoralation occurs

inner mitochondrial matrix

fermentation in human muscle

lactate

what are the 2 products of lactic acid fermentation

lactate and nad

this is where the citric acid cycle occurs

mitochondrial matrix

this is where the formation of acytel co a occurs

mitochondrial matrix

is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.

nad+

what are the 3 net inputs for citric acid cycle

nad, adp, acetyl co a

what are the 3 net outputs for oxidative phosphorylation

nad, atp, water

what are the 3 net inputs for acetyl CoA formation,

nad, co enzyme a, pyruvate

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is

nadh

what are the 2 reactants of lactic acid fermentation

nadh and pyruvate

what are the 3 net outputs for acetyl CoA formation,

nadh, acetyl co a, co2

what are the 3 net inputs for oxidative phosphorylation

nadh, adp, o2

. When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes ______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.

oxidized

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called

pyruvate

When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes _____. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

reduced

what are the 3 net outputs for glycolysis

tp, nadh, pyruvate

A bond must be broken between an organic molecule and phosphate before ATP can form. true or false

true

One of the substrates is a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose. true or false

true

True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.

true

True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.

true