Exam 8 Review

What factors stimulate the mechanism of thirst and fluid intake?

Decreases blood pressure and volume and increased osmolality

What factors enhance absorption of iron?

Vitamin C, meat, fish, and poultry

Which vitamin increases the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?

Vitamin D

At what age does peak bone mass usually occur?

20s (sometimes 30s)

What is the approximate percentage of water in muscle tissue?

75% water

Where does most of the sodium in the typical American diet come from?

77% of sodium is from processed foods.

What is the relationship between iron stores and the percentage of iron absorbed?

95% of iron in the body is recycled and reused. The rest is stored for later use

In women, when does bone loss accelerate?

After menopause

What factors determine the distribution of water in the body?

Age, gender, and your composition of fat and muscle in the body.

The adrenal glands secrete what enzyme in response to reduced blood volume?

Aldosterone

Which factors can decrease bioavailability of a mineral?

Binders, such as oxalates found in some vegetables, phytates found in grains, polyphenols in tea and coffee, supplementation of single minerals affects absorption of competing minerals.

Which trace mineral may increase bone density and reduce osteoporosis

Calcium

Which anion helps maintain fluid balance?

Chloride

In addition to preventing osteoporosis, calcium may have a protective effect against which type of cancer?

Colon cancer

What are some symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Delayed growth in children, hair loss, loss of appetite, impaired sense of taste, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, skin rash

Some research studies suggest that chromium may play a role in decreasing the risk of developing which chronic disease?

Diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes

Know the main functions of trace minerals

Form part of an enzyme complex, metalloenzymes, assist hormone functions, provide structure of bones and teeth, maintain health of red blood cells, component of antioxidants.

Know the diagnostic criteria to classify someone as having healthy bones, osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Healthy bones: T-score of -1 to 1. Osteopenia: T-score of -1 to -2.5 Osteoporosis: T-score of less than -2.5

What are some roles that minerals play in the body?

Help chemical reactions take place in cells, work with the immune system, help muscles contract, and keep the heart beating.

What effect does high-impact exercise have on bone health?

High-impact exercise increases growth and bone mineral content during adolescence

Which foods have the highest percentage water content? Lowest?

Highest: cucumbers, lettuce, tomatoes, oatmeal, fruit juice, and milk Lowest: cereal, bread, cheese, chicken, and beef

Name some characteristics/functions of phosphorus

Homeostasis is controlled by parathyroid hormone... Health of bones and teeth, helps provide the structure for cell membranes, participates in metabolism, acts as an acid base buffer, and is part of DNA/RNA

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes individuals to absorb too much of which mineral?

Iron

What is the most abundant trace mineral?

Iron

Which are the two trace minerals that vegetarians may have a higher need for?

Iron and Zinc

What are the trace minerals?

Iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, molybdenum

Hyperkalemia can cause

Irregular heartbeat. Lower blood pressure, muscle weakness/cramps, and constipation.

By what mechanism do caffeine and alcohol have a diuretic effect on the body?

It is a mild diuretic that blocks the action of ADH in the kidneys.

What is the fate of nonheme iron that remains bound to food in the gastrointestinal tract?

It is excreted in the feces.

There are certain criteria used to classify a micro versus macromineral. What are they?

Macro: need to consume more than 100 milligrams per day, at least 5 grams of mineral in the body, (ex. Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Micro: need to consume LESS than 20 mg a day, body contains LESS than 5 grams total (EX. Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, iodide, manganese, molybdenum, and fluoride)

Based on the factors you found for question #2 above, which age groups/gender is associated a higher versus lower percentage of body water?

Males 168lbs have 7% more water (59%) than females, 137 lbs. Females have 52% water. Young kids also have higher % of body water.

What are good dietary sources of magnesium?

Meat, fish, and poultry

What are the best sources of bioavailable iron?

Meat, poultry, fish, plant food, grains, veggies, enriched bread, and fortified cereal

Define electrolyte.

Minerals with charged ions that conduct an electrical current.

Which foods are abundant in copper?

Organ meats seafood nuts and seeds

What factors decrease iron absorption?

Oxalates, and polyphenols

Which hormone is released when blood calcium is low?

Parathyroid glands increase the release of the parathyroid hormone

Which mineral does sodium work with to help transmit nerve impulses that signal muscles to contract?

Potassium (K)

Hyperphosphatemia occurs only in people who have problems with which organ?

Problems with the kidney

How is the RDA for selenium set? Selenium is required for the production of which hormones? What factor(s) impact the selenium content of foods?

RDA set to maintain optimal activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Selenium is required for the production of thyroid hormone. Cooking food can impact the selenium content.

What dietary practices are most likely to help control high blood pressure?

Reduce sodium intake, exercise, and diet

What is the enzyme that plays a role in increasing blood volume and blood pressure?

Renin

What are the major minerals?

Salty Potato Chips Contain Pretty Much Salt sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur

Which mineral has the greatest effect on fluid balance?

Sodium

Which mineral is mostly found in the extracellular fluid?

Sodium and chloride

What are goitrogens and where are they found?

Substances in food that reduce the utilization of iodine by the thyroid gland. Found in foods like rutabagas, cabbage, soybeans, and peanuts

The major component (by weight) of table salt is

Table salt is two minerals... 60% Chlorine and 40% Sodium (Na)

What are some good food sources of chloride?

Table salt, processed foods, seaweed, tomatoes, olives, lettuce, celery, and rye. Also salt substitutes like K chloride.

How much water is the average healthy adult body is composed of?

The average is 45-75% water.

The thirst mechanism is initiated by which part of the brain?

The hypothalamus

What factors affect the absorption of iron?

The molecular form of the iron, iron status of the individual, types of food eaten at the same time, and iron is found in foods either as ferric iron (Fe+3) or ferrous iron (Fe+2).

What is typically the first physical sign of dehydration?

Thirst

What is the goal of the DASH diet?

To reduce hypertension, lower sodium levels, has lots of fruits and vegetables.

What is the recommended amount of water adults should consume each day from fluids and food?

Women 12 cups and men 16 cups

Taste and smell perception are associated with which mineral?

Zinc