Cengage Chapter 1 & 2

Durkheim used the term---for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

anomie

a central component of nonmaterial culture is ----, which are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

beliefs

which central component of nonmaterial culture is the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real?

beliefs

compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to...

collect and analyze the data simultaneously

quantitative research is likely to involve...

complex statistical techniques

Marx's theory of society is based on the belief that...

conflict between different economic classes is necessary for social change.

groups such as the beatniks of the 1950's, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970's, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. these groups are called...

countercultures

the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions is known as...

cultural lag

a potential danger of applying ----is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights.

cultural relativism

anthropologist George Murdock complied a list of over 70----which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

cultural universals

which term refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next?

culture

in a study of Amish behavior, a researcher moves into an Amish community and lives and works there for a year, participating in the resident's daily lives. this is an example of...

ethnography

all of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology focus analysis at the macro level, examining whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

false

because norms govern behavior considered essential to the stability of society, they are always codified into laws and punishable with formal sanctions.

false

cultural relativism is always considered of positive value.

false

culture is more important to the individual than it is to society.

false

humans are so different throughout the world there is little we can consider common to all human culture.

false

language is an exclusively human characteristic.

false

people in the same subculture generally live in the same geographical area.

false

sociologist George Herbert Mead was one of the first scholars to note that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color. he called this duality double-consciousness- the identity conflict of being black and American.

false

sociologists are in agreement that sociological research can and should be value free

false

the United States is considered a homogeneous society, meaning that it consists of people who are from largely similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.

false

which type of research method studies social life in its natural setting by observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play?

field research

-----are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. they povide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.

folkways

in the United States, ----might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.

folkways

which norm may be violated without serious consequences and are often not enforced?

folkways

----perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.

functionalist

a strength of the----perspective on culture is its focus on the needs of a society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. a shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation.

functionalist

the---- perspective states the societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive.

functionalist

interest in the systematic study of people's behaviors and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century in response to...

industrialization and urbanization

during the Olympics, competition and a spirit of their own nation as "the best" and the root for their country. this is a form of...

positive ethnocentrism

when studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining its...

recurring patterns

which guideline is included in the American Sociological Association's Code of Ethics for conducting research?

researchers must disclose all interpretations of the data they collect

Barbra was born female, which refers to her---; she acts very feminine, which refers to her----

sex; gender

sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term----for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

sociological imagination

which research method is most widely used in the social sciences to study people's behavior and beliefs?

survey

a ----can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.

symbol

according to the---perspective, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities.

symbolic interactionist

the---perspectives emphasizes how people change culture through interaction with others; whereas the----perspective emphasizes that no single perspective can grasp or explain the complexity and diversity of the social world.

symbolic interactionist; postmodern

the strongest mores are referred to as----. they are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

taboos

sociology is defined as the...

the systematic study of human society and social interaction

definition of diffusion

the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another.

according to Durkheim, social facts can only be explained by other social facts.

true

although he founded functionalism and its emphasis on social order, sociologist Emile Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produced strains leading to a breakdown in traditional organization, and authority.

true

applying the broadest sense of the concept, most people in the United States could be classified as members of one subculture to another.

true

even though the specifics of individual cultures vary widely, all cultures have four common nonmaterial cultural components: symbols, language, values, and norms.

true

in every society a gap exists between the values that people profess to hold and their actual behavior, which may not be consistent with those values.

true

symbols make culture possible because they allow for shared meaning.

true

values are a source of criteria for evaluating people, events, and objects.

true