Cervical and Thoracic Spine Final Test
Which one of the following projections is considered a "functional study" of the Cervical Spine? a. AP "wagging jaw" projection b. AP "open mouth" position c. Fuchs or Judd method d. Hyperextension and Hyperflexion Lateral Projections
d. Hyperextension and Hyperflexion Lateral Projections
List the alternative names for the following Cervical vertebrae. C1, C2 and C7
*C1:* Atlas *C2:* Axis *C7:* Vertebra Prominens
List the Outer and Inner aspects of the Intervertebral Disk.
*Outer:* Annulus Fibrosus *Inner:* Nucleus Pulposus
Match the correct aspects of the vertebral column with the following characteristics. 1. Convex Curve 2. Concave Curve 3. Secondary Curve 4. Primary Curve 5. Develops as a Child learns to hold their head up a. Cervical Spine b. Thoracic Spine c. Lumbar Spine d. Sacrum
1. B/D : Thoracic Spine/Sacrum 2. A/C : Cervical Spine/Lumbar Spine 3. A/C : Cervical Spine/Lumbar Spine 4. B/D : Thoracic Spine/Sacrum 5. A : Cervical Spine
Name the 2 main parts of a typical Vertebra.
1. Body 2. Vertebral Arch
List the 2 Secondary/Compensatory Curves.
1. Cervical 2. Lumbar
List the 2 Primary/Posterior Convex Curves.
1. Thoracic 2. Sacral
What 3 features make the Cervical Vertebra Unique?
1. Transverse Foramina 2. Bifid Spinous Process Tip 3. Overlapping Vertebral Bodies
Match the following landmarks to the correct Vertebral Level. 1. Gonion 2. Xiphoid Tip 3. Thyroid Cartilage 4. Jugular Notch 5. Sternal Angle 6. Mastoid Tip 7. Vertebra Prominens 8. 3 to 4 inches below Jugular Notch a. C7 or T1 b. T2 or T3 c. C1 d. T4 or T5 e. T9 or T10 f. C4 to C6 g. T7 h. C3
1. h : C3 2. e : T9 or T10 3. f : C4 to C6 4. b : T2 or T3 5. d : T4 or T5 6. c : C1 7. a : C7 or T1 8. g : T7
What CR angle must be used with a posterior oblique projection of the Cervical Spine?
15 degree Cephalic
For the CR to pass through and "open" the Intervertebral Spaces on a 45 degree posterior oblique projection of the Cervical Vertebrae, what CR angle is needed?
15 degrees Cephalic
What are Lamina?
2 bony aspects of the Vertebral Arch that extend posteriorly from each Pedicle to join at midline
What are the Intervertebral Foramina created by?
2 small notches on the superior and inferior aspects of the Pedicles.
At what angle are Z Joints for T1 through T12 to the MSP?
70 to 75 degrees
At what angle are Z Joints for C2 through C7 to the MSP?
90 degrees
What is the purpose of using an orthostatic breathing technique for a lateral projection of the Thoracic Spine?
Blur the ribs and lungs
Which Vertebra is the Dens on?
C2
List the number of bone found in each division in the adult Vertebral Column.
Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 1 Coccyx: 1
True/False. If close collimation is used during conventional (analog) radiography of the spine, the use of lead is generally not required.
False
True/False. The tip of the Odontoid Process does not have to be demonstrated on the AP "open mouth" projection because it is best seen on the lateral projection.
False
True/False: The Zygapophyseal Joints of *all* Cervical vertebrae are visualized only in a true lateral position.
False
What is an abnormal "sway back" Lumbar curvature called?
Lordosis
What is purpose of the 15 to 20 degree angle for the AP axial projection of the Cervical Spine?
Open the Intervertebral Disk Space
What is an abnormal Lateral curvature in the Thoracolumbar Spine called?
Scoliosis
What structures pass through the Intervertebral Foramina?
Spinal nerves and blood vessels
Which Thoracic Vertebrae are classified as Typical Vertebrae?
T5 through T8
True/False: Less CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the Cervical Spine if the examination is performed supine rather than erect.
True
True/False: Many geriatric patients have a fear of falling off the radiograph table.
True
True/False: Nuclear Medicine is often performed to diagnose bone tumors of the spine.
True
True/False: Only T1, T11 and T12 have *full* facets for articulation with ribs.
True
True/False: The thyroid dose used during a posterior oblique Cervical Spine projection is more than 10 times greater than the dose used for an anterior oblique projection of the Cervical Spine.
True
True/False: To a certain degree, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are replacing myelography as the imaging modalities of choice for the *diagnosis of a ruptured intervertebral disk.*
True
True/False: When using digital imaging for the spine, it is important to use close collimation, grids and lead.
True
What is the passageway for the Spinal Cord?
Vertebral Canal
What is the Articular Pillar?
a short column of bone found between the Articular Processes in a typical Cervical Vertebra
To ensure that the Intervertebral joint spaces are open for lateral Thoracic spine projections, it is important to.... a. Keep the Vertebral Column parallel to the IR b. Use a small focal spot c. Use a breathing technique d. Angle the CR Caudad
a. Keep the Vertebral Column parallel to the IR
Which of the following structures is best demonstrated with an AP axial Vertebral Arch projection? a. Spinous Processes of Lumbar Spine b. Articular Pillars (lateral masses) of Cervical Spine c. Zygapophyseal joints of Thoracic Spine d. Cervicothoracic Spine region
b. Articular Pillars (lateral masses) of Cervical Spine
For lateral and oblique projections of the Cervical spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail by.... (choose all that apply) a. Keeping the Vertebral column parallel to the IR b. Using a small focal spot c. Increasing source to image receptor distance (SID) d. Using a breathing technique
b. Using a small focal spot c. Increasing the source to image receptor distance (SID)
What central ray angle must be used with the AP axial ---Vertebral Arch projection? a. 15 to 20 degrees Cephalic b. 5 to 10 degrees Cephalic c. 20 to 30 degrees Caudad d. None
c. 20 to 30 degrees Caudad
For an AP axial of the Cervical Spine, a plane through the tip of the mandible and _____________ should be parallel to the angled CR. a. Mastoid Process b. Gonion c. Base of Skull d. External Auditory Meatus (EAM)
c. Base of Skull
Which one of the following projections delivers the greatest skin dose to the patient? a. AP Thoracic Spine Projection b. Lateral Cervical Spine Projection c. Cervicothoracic Lateral Position d. Fuchs or Judd Method
c. Cervicothoracic Lateral Position
Which of the following is found between the superior and inferior articular processes? a. Intervertebral Joints b. Articular Joints c. Zygapophyseal Joints d. Intervertebral Facets
c. Zygapophyseal Joints