cfs 2050 final
Primacy of the Private Family (1 of 2): Marriage today Instrument of ______ fulfillment Means of _______ Expression of ________ More ______ and _____to crises Changing nature of intimate unions has been an ______ for women However, women no longer have the ____ protection they had before
Marriage today Instrument of individual fulfillment Means of personal growth Expression of romantic love More fragile and vulnerable to crises Changing nature of intimate unions has been an advance for women However, women no longer have the economic protection they had before
physical custody (of children after a divorce): Right of a divorced spouse to have one's children live with __
Right of a divorced spouse to have one's children live with one
Rising Age at Marriage: Proves that: Parental influence on spouse choice has ____ Wives' authority in their households have ___ Percentage of married adolescent girls has ___ sharply in all of the countries though a wide variation still exists In Bangladesh, more than 40 percent of 15- to 19-year-olds are married today In Indonesia, Egypt, and Kenya, the percentage is a bit above 10 percent
Proves that: Parental influence on spouse choice has declined Wives' authority in their households have increased Percentage of married adolescent girls has declined sharply in all of the countries though a wide variation still exists In Bangladesh, more than 40 percent of 15- to 19-year-olds are married today In Indonesia, Egypt, and Kenya, the percentage is a bit above 10 percent
Ways in Which Children Experience the End of Their Parents' Union: list the 3
Death of the father or mother Divorce of married parents Witnessing the breakup of unmarried cohabiting parents' union
Shallow poverty Income of between ___ percent and __ percent of the poverty line
Income of between 50 percent and 100 percent of the poverty line
Twentieth Century: Medical Model of Domestic Violence (1 of 2): Domestic violence is seen as an ____ and a source of ____ Both victim and abuser are in need of ____ First 20 years of the 20th century saw establishment of domestic relations___ Issue was dormant until 1962, when reports of ____ of children emerged Findings were published under an article titled "The___Child Syndrome"
Domestic violence is seen as an illness and a source of injuries Both victim and abuser are in need of help First 20 years of the 20th century saw establishment of domestic relations courts Issue was dormant until 1962, when reports of maltreatment of children emerged Findings were published under an article titled "The Battered Child Syndrome"
Domestic Violence and Public Policy (1 of 2): Rests on the idea of _____ the victim versus ____the family _____ policy debates Difficult to find anyone who could defend ____ today _____-_____ view is predominant
Rests on the idea of protecting the victim versus preserving the family Diminished policy debates Difficult to find anyone who could defend physical violence today Liberal-feminist view is predominant
Legal custody: Right to make important decisions about the children and the obligation to have ___ responsibility for them
Right to make important decisions about the children and the obligation to have legal responsibility for them
Hybrid marriage Young adults and their parents work together to find ___
Young adults and their parents work together to find marriage partners
Race and Ethnicity African Americans have ____ rates of marital separation than most racial-ethnic groups ___-_____f of black women's marriages end in 15 years compared to about ____-____ of white women's marriages Separation is ____ likely to end in divorce ____- and _____ access to jobs and income may be the reasons for the higher divorce rates of African Americans
African Americans have higher rates of marital separation than most racial-ethnic groups One-half of black women's marriages end in 15 years compared to about one-third of white women's marriages Separation is less likely to end in divorce Discrimination and unequal access to jobs and income may be the reasons for the higher divorce rates of African Americans
Joint physical custody: Arrangement where the child spends substantial time in ___ parents' households
Arrangement where the child spends substantial time in both parents' households
Higher risk if: Elderly persons and caregivers are ___ from family and friends Elderly person is suffering from ___ or is physically_____ Caregiver has _____ health problems Caregiver is___ dependent on the abused
Elderly persons and caregivers are isolated from family and friends Elderly person is suffering from dementia or is physically impaired Caregiver has mental health problems Caregiver is financially dependent on the abused
Domestic Violence in Historical Perspective (2 of 2): First law against wife beating was enacted in _____ in _____ Strictness with which the law was enforced was ____ Actual number of people charged was ___ Child protection movement arose in the late ____ Children viewed as ___ beings to be ____
First law against wife beating was enacted in 1641 in Massachusetts Strictness with which the law was enforced was unclear Actual number of people charged was small Child protection movement arose in the late 1800s Children viewed as emotionally rewarding beings to be nurtured
Union repartnering Formation of ___ unions either by remarriage or a new cohabiting union
Formation of new unions either by remarriage or a new cohabiting union
The Effects of Stepfamily Life on Children: Household income ____ and standard of living ____ Stepparent adds a ___ adult to the home Act as a _____ for a child of the same gender Children in stepfamilies ______ as those in two-biological-parent families ___ percent of children in stepfamilies had clinically significant behavior problems, compared to___ percent of children in first-marriage families Number of family transitions impair ___
Household income increases and standard of living improves Stepparent adds a second adult to the home Act as a role model for a child of the same gender Children in stepfamilies do not do as well as those in two-biological-parent families 20 percent of children in stepfamilies had clinically significant behavior problems, compared to 10 percent of children in first-marriage families Number of family transitions impair adjustment
Union dissolution Legal ___ of a marital union or the ____ ending of a cohabiting union
Legal ending of a marital union or the informal ending of a cohabiting union
The Globalization of Production (1 of 2): Movement to the global south of the production of ____ and ____ that Westerners consume Unforeseen circumstances Specialization in labor-intensive production of goods by ____ in the global south Retention of control over design, marketing, and sales by the ____ Rise of global coordination on a ___-national level
Movement to the global south of the production of goods and services that Westerners consume Unforeseen circumstances Specialization in labor-intensive production of goods by factories in the global south Retention of control over design, marketing, and sales by the West Rise of global coordination on a supra-national level
The Liberal Viewpoint: Government should assist all families ____ Favor and support ____ of existing programs Propose __ programs Advocate more support for: ____ parents Child care _____ All family forms are ____ Liberals believe that the breadwinner-homemaker family form unjustifiably ___women's autonomy
Government should assist all families equally Favor and support expansions of existing programs Propose new programs Advocate more support for: Employed parents Child care policies All family forms are acceptable Liberals believe that the breadwinner-homemaker family form unjustifiably restricts women's autonomy
The Return to Complexity (2 of 2): Implies a return to family ____ in contrast to the uniformity of family patterns in the mid-20th century ____ of family patterns in the past had different _____ for family life than the diversity of family patterns today Components of marital dissolution are __
Implies a return to family diversity in contrast to the uniformity of family patterns in the mid-20th century Diversity of family patterns in the past had different consequences for family life than the diversity of family patterns today Components of marital dissolution are different
Nation People with shared ____ and ____ interests
People with shared economic and cultural interests
The Welfare State: Capitalist economic theory - Government should ___ intervene in family matters Not to intervene is to do____ to help people in need or assist disadvantaged groups in the labor market Welfare state: Government that enacts numerous measures to protect workers and their families from the _____ of the capitalist system
Capitalist economic theory - Government should not intervene in family matters Not to intervene is to do nothing to help people in need or assist disadvantaged groups in the labor market Welfare state: Government that enacts numerous measures to protect workers and their families from the harshness of the capitalist system
Deep Poverty: Income of less than ____ percent of the poverty line
Deep poverty Income of less than 50 percent of the poverty line
Supporting Marriage (1 of 3): In ____, President Bush signed a bill including a program that would provide states with: $___million per year from __ to ___ to promote heterosexual marriage $___million per year to support responsible fatherhood Debate is not just about research questions Is it better for children to be raised with ____ married parents? Can single parents do as good a job if they receive more ___?
In 2006, President Bush signed a bill including a program that would provide states with: $100 million per year from 2006 to 2010 to promote heterosexual marriage $50 million per year to support responsible fatherhood Debate is not just about research questions Is it better for children to be raised with ___ married parents? Can single parents do as good a job if they receive more ___?
Primacy of the Private Family (2 of 2): Men are not ____ in every divorce Men who gain the most care the ___ about their children Men who pay the highest price are those who ___ the most about being a daily part of their children's lives Egalitarian and role-sharing partnerships Women must develop good ____ skills Men must ___ the time invested in caring for their children
Men are not winners in every divorce Men who gain the most care the least about their children Men who pay the highest price are those who care the most about being a daily part of their children's lives Egalitarian and role-sharing partnerships Women must develop good labor market skills Men must increase the time invested in caring for their children
Impact on Children: Most children who experience divorce or remarriage ___ carry lasting effects Minority of children experience long-term problems clearly linked to family ____ and its aftermath
Most children who experience divorce or remarriage do not carry lasting effects Minority of children experience long-term problems clearly linked to family disruption and its aftermath
Non marital Childbearing Most people agree that teenage childbearing should be_____ but disagree as to how that should be ____ Urging ____ Use of ____ ___ percent of non marital child births occurred to women in their twenties ___ to educate adult women about the pitfalls of non marital childbirth
Most people agree that teenage childbearing should be discouraged but disagree as to how that should be done Urging abstinence Use of contraception 62 percent of non marital child births occurred to women in their twenties Difficult to educate adult women about the pitfalls of non marital childbirth
Trends and Prevalence in Intimate Partner Violence: ____ to know whether domestic violence has increased, decreased, fluctuated, or stayed the same over the last ___ years Amount of attention paid to it has __
Impossible to know whether domestic violence has increased, decreased, fluctuated, or stayed the same over the last 100 years Amount of attention paid to it has changed
Effects of Union Dissolution on Children: Almost all children experience an initial period of intense emotional upset upon ____ Most resume normal development without serious problems within about ___ years Minority of children experience some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into ___
Almost all children experience an initial period of intense emotional upset upon separation Most resume normal development without serious problems within about two years Minority of children experience some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into adulthood
Men's employment: Mandatory for men to work ____ -When husbands do not earn a steady income, marriages are subject to ____ divorce risk ___ opportunities are available for men without college education
Mandatory for men to work steadily -When husbands do not earn a steady income, marriages are subject to higher divorce risk Fewer opportunities are available for men without college education
Arranged marriage: _______ choose their children's spouses with ____ or ___ participation by the children themselves
Parents choose their children's spouses with little or no participation by the children themselves
Supporting Marriage (3 of 3): Paths to parenthood and childrearing no longer require ____-term marriage Studies suggest that it is ___ to design programs that can strengthen relationships and increase marriage among low- and moderate-income couples
Paths to parenthood and childrearing no longer require long-term marriage Studies suggest that it is difficult to design programs that can strengthen relationships and increase marriage among low- and moderate-income couples
Which Families Are Poor? Poverty line: _____ defined income limit defined as the cost of an economy ____ for a family, multiplied by ____ Advocates for the poor claim that it is too ____ and therefore underestimates the _____ Many conservatives claim it is ___
Poverty line: Federally defined income limit defined as the cost of an economy diet for a family, multiplied by three Advocates for the poor claim that it is too low and therefore underestimates the low-income population Many conservatives claim it is too high
The Spread of Postmodern Ideals: Postmodern characteristics Cohabitation ____ rates of divorce ___ birth rates General orientation toward individual ___ and ____ Latecomers to family change are skipping the ____ form of marriage Move from institutional marriage directly to ___ marriage
Postmodern characteristics Cohabitation High rates of divorce Very low birth rates General orientation toward individual growth and development Latecomers to family change are skipping the companionate form of marriage Move from institutional marriage directly to individualistic marriage
Child Abuse: Serious _____ harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with the intent to ____ Most tolerated form of family _____ Goes back to ____ Good parents had the moral duty to break the child's ___
Serious physical harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with the intent to injure Most tolerated form of family violence Goes back to Puritans Good parents had the moral duty to break the child's will
The Globalization of Production: Women's Employment (2 of 2): Costs Wages are low and employment is _____ ______hours of paid and unpaid work Lack of ___ care for children No _____ in share of domestic work done by husbands ____by employers
Costs Wages are low and employment is unstable Long hours of paid and unpaid work Lack of institutionalized care for children No increase in share of domestic work done by husbands Exploitation by employers
New Kinship Ties (2 of 2) Creation of stepfamilies adds a number of other potential kinship___ Challenges of created kinship Kinship ties that can be created through action can be lost through_____ Created ties are more likely to ___ over time
Creation of stepfamilies adds a number of other potential kinship positions Challenges of created kinship Kinship ties that can be created through action can be lost through inaction Created ties are more likely to change over time
Twentieth Century: Political Model of Domestic Violence (2 of 2): Implies domestic violence is deeply rooted in____ and _____ Unlikely to end without ___action by women's groups and their allies
Implies domestic violence is deeply rooted in laws and customs Unlikely to end without political action by women's groups and their allies
Evolution of Welfare Policies (1 of 4): In the ______ era, little ______ was provided Family was viewed as a "_______" Most _____, including the _____, receive substantial government assistance In the early ___, labor unions demanded: _____ pay _____ hours ___ pensions __ compensation
In the colonial era, little economic assistance was provided Family was viewed as a "little commonwealth" Most American families, including the middle class, receive substantial government assistance In the early 1900s, labor unions demanded: Higher pay Shorter hours Old-age pensions Unemployment compensation
Women's Employment: ____ effect Employment could ____ divorce rate since women are capable of supporting themselves ____ effect Employment could ____ divorce rate since financial pressures are eased
Independence effect Employment could raise divorce rate since women are capable of supporting themselves Income effect Employment could lower divorce rate since financial pressures are eased
Factors That Determine Which Partnerships Are at Risk - Social Class (2 of 2): William Goode suggested that men with more ____ and ___ have other ways to control behavior of wives than ____ Relationship between ____ and ___ holds true in developing countries as well
William Goode suggested that men with more money and education have other ways to control behavior of wives than force Relationship between violence and social class holds true in developing countries as well
How Union Dissolution Affects Children: In general, children _____ benefit from their parents' divorce Must go through the _____adjustments after divorce Must cope with continuing, ____conflict between their parents Most children do manage to cope without ___-___ problems
In general, children do not benefit from their parents' divorce Must go through the emotional adjustments after divorce Must cope with continuing, bitter conflict between their parents Most children do manage to cope without long-term problems
The Globalization of Production (2 of 2): Increasing employment of women is changing family___ Employers in many _____ countries seem to think that: Women will work for ___ wages than men Women are ___ to control than men Some of the jobs are done in__ and others are done at ___
Increasing employment of women is changing family patterns Employers in many low-income countries seem to think that: Women will work for lower wages than men Women are easier to control than men Some of the jobs are done in factories and others are done at home
Same-Sex Marriage: In _____, the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States About ____of the states had banned same-sex marriage in the past Advocated on the basis of two arguments ____ and ____ Legalizing same-sex marriage is a logical consequence of the increasingly _____ meaning of marriage
In 2015, the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States About half of the states had banned same-sex marriage in the past Advocated on the basis of two arguments Rights and commitment Legalizing same-sex marriage is a logical consequence of the increasingly individualized meaning of marriage
Premarital Cohabitation: Leads to ___ divorce rates due to the selectivity of people who are willing to cohabit More common and accepted ____ More compatible with ___ marriage
Leads to higher divorce rates due to the selectivity of people who are willing to cohabit More common and accepted today More compatible with stable marriage
Work-Family Balance Liberals want a ______ and ______ support for employed parents Paid _____ _______ workplaces _____minimum wage Increased tax ____ for parents ______ and more _____child care ______ programs Conservatives favor _______ that would benefit____ with at least_____ worker
Liberals want a broader and more costly support for employed parents Paid parental leave Responsive workplaces Higher minimum wage Increased tax relief for parents Higher quality and more affordable child care After-school programs Conservatives favor tax credits that would benefit all families with at least one worker
Factors That Determine Which Partnerships Are at Risk - Marital Status (1 of 2): Married women report the ____ levels of intimate partner violence Women who are separated but not divorced report the ____ levels of violence Violence in relationships may have caused the ___
Married women report the lowest levels of intimate partner violence Women who are separated but not divorced report the highest levels of violence Violence in relationships may have caused the separation
Age at Leaving Home: Children, especially ____, in stepparent families leave households at an ____ than children in single-parent or two-parent households Leave to either _____ or establish an ____household Caused by: Disruption of the _____ bond Presence of the mother's sexual partner whose relationship to the daughter is ____
Children, especially girls, in stepparent families leave households at an earlier age than children in single-parent or two-parent households Leave to either marry or establish an independent household Caused by: Disruption of the mother-daughter bond Presence of the mother's sexual partner whose relationship to the daughter is ambiguous
Signs of Convergence: Conservatives are acknowledging that changes in the economy have ___ families Liberals are acknowledging the negative impact of cultural change on____ _____ in childbearing outside of marriage Support campaigns to get young-adult, low-income women to use long-acting reversible ______ Legalization of same-sex marriage has changed the terms of the debate about ___ support for marriage
Conservatives are acknowledging that changes in the economy have hurt families Liberals are acknowledging the negative impact of cultural change on trends Increase in childbearing outside of marriage Support campaigns to get young-adult, low-income women to use long-acting reversible contraceptives Legalization of same-sex marriage has changed the terms of the debate about public support for marriage
The Convergence Thesis (2 of 2): Concept of the American conjugal family eroded in the ____ Rapid rise in ____ rates Sharp decline in ___rates Increase in prevalence of ____ Rise in marital ____ Increase in proportion of births outside ____ Supremacy of the conjugal family ____ in Western Europe as well Separation of___ and ____
Concept of the American conjugal family eroded in the 1960s Rapid rise in divorce rates Sharp decline in birth rates Increase in prevalence of cohabitation Rise in marital age Increase in proportion of births outside wedlock Supremacy of the conjugal family weakened in Western Europe as well Separation of marriage and childbearing
Reasons for the Policy Reversal (2 of 2): Concern about work ______ Poor become too _____ People are not encouraged to take a job to get out of ___
Concern about work disincentives Poor become too dependent People are not encouraged to take a job to get out of welfare
Current Debates: Sharp divisions exist on a _____ of issues Liberal viewpoint ____ changes in family life and advocate for programs that ____ conditions for these families Conservative viewpoint Advocate for the ____ of family____by supporting ____ and ____ responsibility
Sharp divisions exist on a number of issues Liberal viewpoint Accept changes in family life and advocate for programs that improve conditions for these families Conservative viewpoint Advocate for the strengthening of family ties by supporting marriage and parental responsibility
Kinds of Violence: Situational couple violence Violence that arises from a specific _____ in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger Coercive controlling violence Pattern in which a man seeks to____ the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts
Situational couple violence Violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger Coercive controlling violence Pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts
Sexual Abuse and Its Consequences (1 of 2): Social surveys suggest a ____ prevalence than indicated by reports by state child protection officials __- percent of the women and __ percent of the men said they were touched sexually before ____ Incest: Sexual relations between a child and her or his____, ___, or ___
Social surveys suggest a higher prevalence than indicated by reports by state child protection officials 17 percent of the women and 12 percent of the men said they were touched sexually before puberty Incest: Sexual relations between a child and her or his parent, brother, or sister
Domestic violence: ____ acts between family members or between partners in intimate or dating relationships Viewed as an important ___ to women's equality by the feminist movement
Violent acts between family members or between partners in intimate or dating relationships Viewed as an important barrier to women's equality by the feminist movement
Cohabiting versus Married Stepfamilies Well-being of children in cohabiting stepfamilies may be ___ than that of children in married stepfamilies Adolescents in cohabiting stepfamilies are ___likely to engage in antisocial behavior Reasons Wide variation in level of _____ on the part of cohabiting stepparents Cohabiting partnerships may be ___
Well-being of children in cohabiting stepfamilies may be less than that of children in married stepfamilies Adolescents in cohabiting stepfamilies are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior Reasons Wide variation in level of commitment on the part of cohabiting stepparents Cohabiting partnerships may be short-term
Trends in Intimate Partner Violence: Intimate partner violence appears to have ____ substantially over the past two decades Serious but nonfatal intimate partner violence and simple assault by an intimate partner against men and women has ___ Decline partially reflects: Passage in 1994 of the Violence _____ Women Act Changed social ___ on intimate partner violence
Intimate partner violence appears to have declined substantially over the past two decades Serious but nonfatal intimate partner violence and simple assault by an intimate partner against men and women has declined Decline partially reflects: Passage in 1994 of the Violence against Women Act Changed social climate on intimate partner violence
Supporting Marriage (2 of 3): Debate includes political and moral issues Autonomy of ___ Authority of____ Imposition of a particular ____ view of family on those who choose other lifestyles Women's lives have changed due to greater ____ power Gains in labor market provide ____ income Birth control pill allows sexual activity without ___ pregnancy
Debate includes political and moral issues Autonomy of women Authority of men Imposition of a particular moral view of family on those who choose other lifestyles Women's lives have changed due to greater earning power Gains in labor market provide independent income Birth control pill allows sexual activity without unwanted pregnancy
How Social Norms Change: Developmental idealism: Belief that Western-style families and economic development are beneficial for all countries Western way of life is superior and should be aspired to Abandoned by many intellectuals in the West Continues to exist in the non-Western world
Developmental idealism: Belief that Western-style families and economic development are beneficial for ______ Western way of life is _____and should be___ to Abandoned by many_____ in the West Continues to exist in the ___ world
Intimate Partner Violence: Disagreement among researchers about what constitutes ________ Early studies focused on _____ and ____ couples New studies focus on the broader concept of _____, or ____ and ___
Disagreement among researchers about what constitutes domestic violence Early studies focused on married and cohabitating couples New studies focus on the broader concept of intimate partners, or boyfriends and girlfriends
Individual Risk Factors: _____at entry into union ____and ____ _______ cohabitation Parental ____ Spouse's ___
Age at entry into union Race and ethnicity Premarital cohabitation Parental divorce Spouse's similarity
Frustration-Aggression Perspective (1 of 2) Aggressive behavior occurs when a person is____ from achieving goals Economic inequalities cause men and women to work for_____ High unemployment rates make it ____ to find a job Racial discrimination ___ the opportunities of people from racial-ethnic groups
Aggressive behavior occurs when a person is blocked from achieving goals Economic inequalities cause men and women to work for low wages High unemployment rates make it hard to find a job Racial discrimination limits the opportunities of people from racial-ethnic groups
Sexual Abuse and Its Consequences (2 of 2): Literature suggests sexual abuse as a child has ___-___consequences on adults' sexual behavior and intimacy Women are __ likely to have short-term and violent intimate relationships as adults Traumatic sexual experiences can lead to: Inappropriate sexual behaviors and feelings of____ Lack of ___ Powerl____
Literature suggests sexual abuse as a child has long-term consequences on adults' sexual behavior and intimacy Women are more likely to have short-term and violent intimate relationships as adults Traumatic sexual experiences can lead to: Inappropriate sexual behaviors and feelings of betrayal Lack of trust Powerlessness
Joint legal custody: Both parents retain an ___ right to make important decisions concerning their children
Both parents retain an equal right to make important decisions concerning their children
Parental Divorce: Children of divorced parents are ___ likely to become divorced themselves Divorce may diminish a person's ability to sustain a successful ____ Children may share characteristics inherited from their___
Children of divorced parents are more likely to become divorced themselves Divorce may diminish a person's ability to sustain a successful marriage Children may share characteristics inherited from their parents
The Spread of the Companionate Ideal (1 of 3) Companionate marriage: Centers on the ____satisfaction of the husband and wife rather than serving the needs of ___and other ___ Emphasizes _____, ____, and ____ Has spread to nations that are not very____
Companionate marriage: Centers on the emotional satisfaction of the husband and wife rather than serving the needs of parents and other kin Emphasizes affection, friendship, and sexual gratification Has spread to nations that are not very industrialized
Psychosocial Effects: Multiple Transitions Departure of a ____from home ____ of house, neighborhood, and school Adults move ___and ___of the household as parents repartner Number of transitions may cause as many ____ problems as living in any particular kind of family
Departure of a parent from home Loss of house, neighborhood, and school Adults move in and out of the household as parents repartner Number of transitions may cause as many adjustment problems as living in any particular kind of family
Poly-Victimization: Experiencing multiple ____ of child maltreatment 22 percent of children in a national sample had experienced ____ or more types of victimization in the previous year These children are _____, ______, and ____ Has a____ effect
Experiencing multiple types of child maltreatment 22 percent of children in a national sample had experienced four or more types of victimization in the previous year These children are anxious, depressed, and aggressive Has a cumulative effect
The Demography of Stepfamilies and Remarriages: Having a step-relative is ___ common among young adults than among older adults Reflects ____ number of cohabiting stepfamilies Common among adults without _____ degrees Living in a stepfamily household is also becoming ___
Having a step-relative is more common among young adults than among older adults Reflects rising number of cohabiting stepfamilies Common among adults without college degrees Living in a stepfamily household is also becoming common
The Convergence Thesis (1 of 2): Modernization theory Idea that ___ countries would eventually make a transition from traditional to ___- in the same way as the ___ countries did Theorists believed that the ____ model of development was inevitable but also beneficial Conjugal family system was associated with _____ and ____ development
Modernization theory Idea that poorer countries would eventually make a transition from traditional to modern in the same way as the Western countries did Theorists believed that the Western model of development was inevitable but also beneficial Conjugal family system was associated with progress and economic development
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Federal program of financial assistance to ________ that began in _____ Followed passage of the ________ program Earlier termed as______ cash assistance program Set a ____ time limited cash assistance States were free to set a ____ limit Emphasis was on _____ assistance and on ____ employment
Federal program of financial assistance to low-income families that began in 1996 Followed passage of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program Earlier termed as time-limited cash assistance program Set a five-year time limited cash assistance States were free to set a shorter time limit Emphasis was on temporary assistance and on finding employment
Factors That Determine Which Partnerships Are at Risk - Social Class (1 of 2): Higher rates of domestic violence seen among ____-income couples Greater reluctance of middle-income couples to ____ to violence Social welfare agencies may be keeping an eye on ___- families Frustrations of poverty and unemployment may create __ that may lead some men to beat their wives
Higher rates of domestic violence seen among low-income couples Greater reluctance of middle-income couples to admit to violence Social welfare agencies may be keeping an eye on poor families Frustrations of poverty and unemployment may create stress that may lead some men to beat their wives
The Conservative Viewpoint (2 of 2): Conservatives ______ of proposals for expensive new social welfare programs Defensive of ______ that supported the family ____ system _____ stance Partial-birth abortion law was passed in ____ and was upheld by the Supreme Court in __
Conservatives Skeptical of proposals for expensive new social welfare programs Defensive of interventions that supported the family wage system Anti-abortion stance Partial-birth abortion law was passed in 2003 and was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2007
Contact: Non resident fathers and their children Uninvolved fathers Neither ____ their child nor ___t in the past year Involved fathers Saw their child ____ or ___ often in the past year and had also paid some____ Somewhat involved fathers Saw their child in the past year but____ frequently than weekly and/or had paid____ in the past year
Non resident fathers and their children Uninvolved fathers Neither saw their child nor paid any child support in the past year Involved fathers Saw their child weekly or more often in the past year and had also paid some child support Somewhat involved fathers Saw their child in the past year but less frequently than weekly and/or had paid some child support in the past year
Social Exchange Perspective: People calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the ___ and ___ of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it Nonworking wives ___ likely to be victims
People calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it Nonworking wives more likely to be victims
Transnational Families (2 of 2): Reasons for sharp rise in _____ of women Growth of low-wage jobs in ____ countries Development of inexpensive means of _____-based communication across long distances Inexpensive air __ Can strain the ___ between mothers and children Funds sent home can provide ____ to caregivers of the children
Reasons for sharp rise in migration of women Growth of low-wage jobs in wealthy countries Development of inexpensive means of computer-based communication across long distances Inexpensive air ___ Can strain the ties between mothers and children Funds sent home can provide benefits to caregivers of the children
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Refundable tax credit to ___ families with children in which at least ___ parent is employed Even if no taxes are due, families will still receive a check for the value of the credit if they file_____ One of the main antipoverty programs Applies not only to dual-earner, two-parent families but also to ____ families
Refundable tax credit to low-income families with children in which at least one parent is employed Even if no taxes are due, families will still receive a check for the value of the credit if they file a return One of the main antipoverty programs Applies not only to dual-earner, two-parent families but also to breadwinner-homemaker families
Physical abuse can lead to: ____ consequences as sexual abuse Brain ____ and ____ retardation Behavior problems such as ______ and increased risk of arrest for ____ Young children are at the _____ risk of dying of physical abuse Some children show no lasting _____ Abused less often and have a supportive adult ___
Similar consequences as sexual abuse Brain injuries and growth retardation Behavior problems such as aggression and increased risk of arrest for violence Young children are at the greatest risk of dying of physical abuse Some children show no lasting consequences Abused less often and have a supportive adult available
Poverty or Abuse? Which causes most of the resultant problems? _____ or circumstances of ____ Child protective workers may overreact to _____ when the real problem is poverty (Besharov) Rather than placing children into foster care, Besharov and Laumann recommend increased social services to____
Which causes most of the resultant problems? Abuse or circumstances of poverty Child protective workers may overreact to maltreatment when the real problem is poverty (Besharov) Rather than placing children into foster care, Besharov and Laumann recommend increased social services to aid parent
Love marriage Young adults choose their own marriage ___ on the basis of love and companionship
Young adults choose their own marriage partners on the basis of love and companionship
The Globalization of Production: Women's Employment (1 of 2): Benefits Wages help raise a family's _____ of living Increased _____ and _____ in the household ______ in physical abuse Working at home helps combine earning money with ____and household ___
Benefits Wages help raise a family's standard of living Increased independence and bargaining power in the household Decrease in physical abuse Working at home helps combine earning money with childcare and household work
Social programs: ________ are helpful in reducing intimate partner violence _________ enjoys wide support and has been extended to ____people
Mandatory arrest policies are helpful in reducing intimate partner violence Violence against Women Act enjoys wide support and has been extended to LGBT people
The Global South: Less developed nations in Central and South ____, ___, and ___ Goode's predictions that hold true Widespread tendency for parents to lose ____ over their children's family lives Popularity of ___-____ marriages in countries that have made little progress toward ___
Less developed nations in Central and South America, Africa, and Asia Goode's predictions that hold true Widespread tendency for parents to lose authority over their children's family lives Popularity of love-based marriages in countries that have made little progress toward industrialization
Psychosocial Effects: Crisis Period Both custodial parents and children experience difficulties during the ___ year or___ after separation Results in diminished parenting Distracted and distressed parents have difficulty providing ____ support and moderate, consistent discipline on a daily basis Parents may seem emotionally __and prone to ignore the child's misbehavior
Both custodial parents and children experience difficulties during the first year or two after separation Results in diminished parenting Distracted and distressed parents have difficulty providing emotional support and moderate, consistent discipline on a daily basis Parents may seem emotionally distant and prone to ignore the child's misbehavior
Nation-state Term that combines the _____ and ___ connotations of both terms
Term that combines the governmental and cultural connotations of both terms
The Decline of Fertility: Total fertility rate (TFR) Average number of ____ that a woman would have over her lifetime if current birthrates were to remain the ____ TFR of ____ is necessary to reproduce the population from generation to generation Decline in TFR in ___, ___, ____, and ____ In China, the government-induced decline has clashed with the traditional preference for __
Total fertility rate (TFR) Average number of births that a woman would have over her lifetime if current birthrates were to remain the same TFR of 2.1 is necessary to reproduce the population from generation to generation Decline in TFR in India, Mexico, Brazil, and China In China, the government-induced decline has clashed with the traditional preference for sons
The Decline of Parental Control: Typical age at marriage of a woman is an indicator of _____ control If age is _____, it is most likely that parents are choosing ____ Reasons Rising age at_____ ___marriage
Typical age at marriage of a woman is an indicator of parental control If age is low, it is most likely that parents are choosing husbands Reasons Rising age at marriage Hybrid marriage
Broad cultural and economic changes have influenced levels of union:
dissolution Cultural change Men's employment Women's employment
Factors That Determine Which Partnerships Are at Risk - Marital Status (2 of 2): Married women have significantly ____ risk of experiencing violence than cohabitating women Women may refuse to marry ____ cohabiting partners Marriage may _____ the likelihood of violence Through, for instance, greater____or a greater ____ to forgive partners for transgressions
Married women have significantly less risk of experiencing violence than cohabitating women Women may refuse to marry violent cohabiting partners Marriage may reduce the likelihood of violence Through, for instance, greater commitment or a greater propensity to forgive partners for transgressions
The Past and the Future: Family patterns around the world did not converge to the ____ conjugal family model Pace of family change around the world was ____ Greatest changes occurred in ____ Latin America Signs of the ____ family can be seen even___ the transition to the modern conjugal family is achieved Predictions by social scientists about the future of the family are not ____-___
Family patterns around the world did not converge to the Western conjugal family model Pace of family change around the world was uneven Greatest changes occurred in East Asia Latin America Signs of the postmodern family can be seen even before the transition to the modern conjugal family is achieved Predictions by social scientists about the future of the family are not error-free
Divorce rose sharply in
1960s and 1970s
Family Policy Debates Family policy remains a ____ contentious topic ____ viewpoint ____viewpoint
Family policy remains a highly contentious topic Conservative viewpoint Liberal viewpoint
Evolution of Welfare Policies (3 of 4): Following changes in family life forced people to take another look at government ____: Divorce Births outside wedlock Married women working outside the home Cohabitation Large number of gay and lesbian married couples, some with children
Following changes in family life forced people to take another look at government policies: Divorce Births outside wedlock Married women working outside the home Cohabitation Large number of gay and lesbian married couples, some with children
State Government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and has a ____ on force in that territory
Government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and has a monopoly on force in that territory
The Rise and Fall of the Family Wage System: Family wage system: Husband ___ and the wife _____ to the house and children Moral vision behind the system specified that the family works best when men and women inhabit ____ spheres Social Security Act of 1935 followed the division of labor ____ in the system Supported by the 1950s___ lifestyle
Family wage system: Husband earns and the wife tends to the house and children Moral vision behind the system specified that the family works best when men and women inhabit separate spheres Social Security Act of 1935 followed the division of labor implicit in the system Supported by the 1950s breadwinner-homemaker lifestyle
Transnational Families (1 of 2): Families that maintain _____contact between members in the _____ and ___countries Millions of families in the _____ send members to work in _____nations Remittances: ____payments that immigrants send back to families in their countries of origin Gendered expectation Father's main task is to provide ____ for his children Reality - Mothers are the main ___ for children
Families that maintain continual contact between members in the sending and receiving countries Millions of families in the global south send members to work in wealthy nations Remittances: Cash payments that immigrants send back to families in their countries of origin Gendered expectation Father's main task is to provide economically for his children Reality - Mothers are the main caregivers for children
Frustration-Aggression Perspective (2 of 2): Frustration may be transferred from the _____to a ___ such as his or her wife and children Violence is seen as _____ outburst of displaced anger Sources of basic tendency to act violently _____ processes _____genes ___ to aggression
Frustration may be transferred from the goal to a safer target, such as his or her wife and children Violence is seen as emotional outburst of displaced anger Sources of basic tendency to act violently Biological processes Inherited genes Predisposition to aggression
Age at Entry into Union: After ____ years, one is in a better position to initiate a lasting union Early cohabiting unions or marriages are precipitated by an unplanned _____ Pre-union births increase risk of _____ Young adults may not choose partners as well as those who ___
After teenage years, one is in a better position to initiate a lasting union Early cohabiting unions or marriages are precipitated by an unplanned pregnancy Pre-union births increase risk of dissolution Young adults may not choose partners as well as those who marry later
The Spread of the Companionate Ideal (2 of 3): Associated with: ____in arranged marriage Increase in marital _____ Other changes in family ___
Associated with: Decline in arranged marriage Increase in marital age Other changes in family life
Reasons for the Policy Reversal (1 of 2): Attitudes toward ___ roles Self-reliance and independence were encouraged among ___ mothers Characteristics of recipients Recipients were not ____ but rather separated, divorced, or had never married ______ versus ____ poor Racial composition had ___
Attitudes toward women's roles Self-reliance and independence were encouraged among poor mothers Characteristics of recipients Recipients were not widowed but rather separated, divorced, or had never married Deserving versus undeserving poor Racial composition had changed
Economic Support (2 of 2) Between 1980 and 2015, the number of single-father families increased from ___ to ____ 16 percent of single-parent families are now headed by men 19 percent had incomes below poverty line in 2015
Between 1980 and 2015, the number of single-father families increased from 690,000 to 1.9 million 16 percent of single-parent families are now headed by men 19 percent had incomes below poverty line in 2015
Psychosocial Effects: Long-Term Adjustment (2 of 2): Children from divorced or single-parent families were ____ to drop out of school but most did not Most children become reasonably well adjusted but may show ___ and not ____ Long-term difficulties are due to the ___ quality of the parents' marriages, rather than the___ Children in ____ families were better off after divorce, while children in___families were not
Children from divorced or single-parent families were more likely to drop out of school but most did not Most children become reasonably well adjusted but may show distress and not disorder Long-term difficulties are due to the poor quality of the parents' marriages, rather than the divorce Children in high-conflict families were better off after divorce, while children in low-conflict families were not
Evolution of Welfare Policies (2 of 4): Civic groups headed by _______ pressed for programs _____ for _____ Assistance for _____ and ____ in poverty The Great Depression in ____ increased the need for unemployment assistance Franklin Delano Roosevelt developed the Social Security Act of ___ Provided Social Security, unemployment compensation, and aid to____
Civic groups headed by middle-class women pressed for programs Pensions for widows Assistance for women and children in poverty The Great Depression in 1929 increased the need for unemployment assistance Franklin Delano Roosevelt developed the Social Security Act of 1935 Provided Social Security, unemployment compensation, and aid to mothers with dependent children
New Kinship Ties (1 of 2): Cohabitation, divorce, non marital childbearing, and remarriage are ___ kinship Breaking the correspondence between ____ and___ Increasing the importance of ____ kinship Ties that people ___ construct, as opposed to those acquired at birth or through first marriage
Cohabitation, divorce, non marital childbearing, and remarriage are altering kinship Breaking the correspondence between family and household Increasing the importance of created kinship Ties that people actively construct, as opposed to those acquired at birth or through first marriage
Globalization and Family Diversity in the West: College-educated adults have benefited the ____ from the globalization of production Access to ____ and ____ jobs Neo-traditional: Style of family life centered on marriage but which may be preceded by ____ and in which wives work outside the home Egalitarian relationship between husband and wife Transformation of employment has constrained the family lives of __-educated adults and their families
College-educated adults have benefited the most from the globalization of production Access to managerial and professional jobs Neo-traditional: Style of family life centered on marriage but which may be preceded by cohabitation and in which wives work outside the home Egalitarian relationship between husband and wife Transformation of employment has constrained the family lives of less-educated adults and their families
Cultural Change ____ versus _____ well-being or ____ Shift toward concerns of the ______ versus concerns of the ___
Commitment versus personal well-being or fulfillment Shift toward concerns of the private family versus concerns of the public family
The Conservative Viewpoint (1 of 2) Conservatives defend and encourage _____, marriage-based families Welfare state was created to support the ______ family Encouraged women to ____ and men to ____ Most compensation was designed with ___ in mind ___ tax also supported the system
Conservatives defend and encourage heterosexual, marriage-based families Welfare state was created to support the breadwinner-homemaker family Encouraged women to marry and men to provide Most compensation was designed with men in mind Income tax also supported the system
The Spread of the Companionate Ideal (3 of 3): Contributed by: ___media messages Christian missionaries who focused on the ____ family Spread of ____ education to low-income nations ___ development
Contributed by: Mass media messages Christian missionaries who focused on the conjugal family Spread of mass education to low-income nations Economic development
Reasons of Union Dissolution and Repartnering: Emphasis on personal____, growth of women's _____ independence, and worsening economic prospects for young ____ Divorce, remarriage, non marital childbearing, and cohabitation are ____ the frequency with which people create their own kinship ties Increases in single-parent families and stepfamilies have ___ many children's lives
Emphasis on personal fulfilment, growth of women's economic independence, and worsening economic prospects for young men Divorce, remarriage, non marital childbearing, and cohabitation are increasing the frequency with which people create their own kinship ties Increases in single-parent families and stepfamilies have altered many children's lives
Responsible Fatherhood: Encouraging fathers to take more responsibility for their children is not controversial but ____ Focus is on ____-income fathers who never married the mothers of their children Concern is almost exclusively about _____ rather than involvement It may be necessary to improve the ___ prospects for low-income men Encourage ______ Discourage early unplanned ___
Encouraging fathers to take more responsibility for their children is not controversial but complex Focus is on low-income fathers who never married the mothers of their children Concern is almost exclusively about child support rather than involvement It may be necessary to improve the job prospects for low-income men Encourage education Discourage early unplanned pregnancies
Family Change in the Western Nations: Expectation of ____ theorists _____ family of husband, wife, and children would continue to ___ family life in the Western countries Expectation of_____ theorists Conjugal family fits best with an _____ society Today, many different patterns of family and personal life ____ Cohabiting couples with and without children, single parents, stepfamilies, and childless single adults
Expectation of social theorists Conjugal family of husband, wife, and children would continue to dominate family life in the Western countries Expectation of functionalist theorists Conjugal family fits best with an industrialized society Today, many different patterns of family and personal life co-exist Cohabiting couples with and without children, single parents, stepfamilies, and childless single adults
Social Learning Perspective: Individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by ____ what others do and seeing the consequence of these actions Glass-half-empty interpretation - Children who witness domestic violence are ____ likely to act violently to spouses and children Glass-half-full interpretation - Vast majority of people who have witnessed hitting or been hit by their parents ___ beat their spouses
Individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequence of these actions Glass-half-empty interpretation - Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to act violently to spouses and children Glass-half-full interpretation - Vast majority of people who have witnessed hitting or been hit by their parents do not beat their spouses
Psychosocial Effects: Long-Term Adjustment (1 of 2): Majority of children resume ____ development Six years after disruption, 20-25 percent of young adolescents displayed serious behavior problems Judith Wallerstein reported widespread and lasting difficulties in ____relationships Children were ____ likely to make poor choices without good role models Negative effects are not as _____as reported Encompasses both a glass-half-full and a glass-half-empty perspectiv
Majority of children resume normal development Six years after disruption, 20-25 percent of young adolescents displayed serious behavior problems Judith Wallerstein reported widespread and lasting difficulties in personal relationships Children were more likely to make poor choices without good role models Negative effects are not as widespread as reported Encompasses both a glass-half-full and a glass-half-empty perspective
Economic Support (1 of 2): Many fathers fade from their children's lives because they cannot or will not contribute to their ____ Custodial mothers are most affected when they ____ a relationship with the fathers of their children ____ receive child support Incomes tend to __ sharply
Many fathers fade from their children's lives because they cannot or will not contribute to their support Custodial mothers are most affected when they end a relationship with the fathers of their children Do not receive child support Incomes tend to drop sharply Single-father families have been growing Single fathers tend to have higher incomes than single mothers
Incidence Neglect - Most____ type of child abuse Physical neglect - _____ most common type of abuse Only few cases were reported for _____ abuse or ______ abuse Child abuse is not equally likely in all _____ Parents with low incomes or lacking education or who participated in a poverty program were ___ times more likely to maltreat their children
Neglect - Most common type of child abuse Physical neglect - Second most common type of abuse Only few cases were reported for physical abuse or sexual abuse Child abuse is not equally likely in all families Parents with low incomes or lacking education or who participated in a poverty program were five times more likely to maltreat their children
Twentieth Century: Medical Model of Domestic Violence (2 of 2): No attention was given to _____ until mid-1970s Political pressure was put forth by the _____ movement to recognize violence against women and rape as an issue Formation of services for ____ victims was part of their strategy Feminist movement's fundamental goal was to ____ social supports for male violence By the end of 1970s, almost ____ state had enacted laws to protect women from violence
No attention was given to wife beating until mid-1970s Political pressure was put forth by the feminist movement to recognize violence against women and rape as an issue Formation of services for rape victims was part of their strategy Feminist movement's fundamental goal was to remove social supports for male violence By the end of 1970s, almost every state had enacted laws to protect women from violence
Spouse's Similarity: People who marry people who are similar to them are ____ likely to divorce _____ compatibility in interests and values People who marry someone of a different race have a ____ probability of divorce ____social support People who are far apart in age have ___ divorce probabilities than people who are closer in age
People who marry people who are similar to them are less likely to divorce High compatibility in interests and values People who marry someone of a different race have a higher probability of divorce Less social support People who are far apart in age have higher divorce probabilities than people who are closer in age
Elder Abuse (1 of 2): _____or _____of an elderly person by a caregiver Study reported that _ to_percent of elderly reported abuse ____ by a caregiver is the most common type of abuse 2004 study showed that ____ percent of the perpetrators were adult children ___percent were spouses ___ percent were other family members
Physical abuse or neglect of an elderly person by a caregiver Study reported that 3 to 6 percent of elderly reported abuse Neglect by a caregiver is the most common type of abuse 2004 study showed that 33 percent of the perpetrators were adult children 11 percent were spouses 22 percent were other family members
Explanations: Political model of domestic violence Power struggles between ___ and ____ Notion of male dominance is ___ sufficient to explain domestic violence and child abuse Some theories emphasize ____ factors, whereas others emphasize _____ factors
Political model of domestic violence Power struggles between men and women Notion of male dominance is not sufficient to explain domestic violence and child abuse Some theories emphasize psychological factors, whereas others emphasize social structural factors
Genetically Informed Studies: Possible that parents and children in divorced families share genetic ____ Adopted children have as many ___ after divorce as biological children do Interaction of genetic tendencies and family environment determines whether children exhibit ____ problems Gene-environment interaction: Change in the environment has a greater effect on people with a genetic ___ to that change
Possible that parents and children in divorced families share genetic tendencies Adopted children have as many difficulties after divorce as biological children do Interaction of genetic tendencies and family environment determines whether children exhibit behavior problems Gene-environment interaction: Change in the environment has a greater effect on people with a genetic sensitivity to that change
Twentieth Century: Political Model of Domestic Violence (1 of 2): Power and authority of men to control the behavior of ____ ____ structure has supported men's control over women through law and social custom Rule of thumb - Term comes from a rule in old English law where a man could beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his ___
Power and authority of men to control the behavior of women Social structure has supported men's control over women through law and social custom Rule of thumb - Term comes from a rule in old English law where a man could beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb
Evolution of Welfare Policies (4 of 4): Public support rose in the 1980s and 1990s for family policies Family policy: Political beliefs about ___ the government should assist families in caring for ___ How to ____ to childhood poverty and increases in non marital childbearing and single-parent families ____ welfare Enforce child ____obligations of absent fathers Whether, and how, to assist parents employed ___the home
Public support rose in the 1980s and 1990s for family policies Family policy: Political beliefs about how the government should assist families in caring for dependents How to respond to childhood poverty and increases in non marital childbearing and single-parent families Reform welfare Enforce child support obligations of absent fathers Whether, and how, to assist parents employed outside the home
Domestic Violence in Historical Perspective (1 of 2) Puritans believed that the government should enforce ___ behavior Moral behavior excluded ___ acts by husbands against their wives Intervention received: ____ support when it was used to support families ___support when it was seen as undermining men's authority over families
Puritans believed that the government should enforce moral behavior Moral behavior excluded violent acts by husbands against their wives Intervention received: Broader support when it was used to support families Lesser support when it was seen as undermining men's authority over families
Sexual Aggression and Violence in Emerging Adulthood: Rates of violence and abuse peak during emerging ____ Cohabiting women report ____ violence than those who are married Both groups report ____ violence than women who are dating Violence is high in relationships that are characterized by repeated ____ and____ Some women are reluctant to define an incident as rape due to ___ and ___ of victimization
Rates of violence and abuse peak during emerging adulthood Cohabiting women report more violence than those who are married Both groups report more violence than women who are dating Violence is high in relationships that are characterized by repeated breakups and reconciliations Some women are reluctant to define an incident as rape due to embarrassment and fear of victimization
Stepfamily Diversity Stepfamily: Household in which two adults are ___or ____and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship Cohabitating stepfamily: Stepfamily in which the partners are cohabitating without ____ Married stepfamily: Stepfamily in which the partners are ____
Stepfamily: Household in which two adults are married or cohabitating and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship Cohabitating stepfamily: Stepfamily in which the partners are cohabitating without marrying Married stepfamily: Stepfamily in which the partners are married
The Return to Complexity (1 of 2): _______ of family patterns in the mid-twentieth century was the most distinctive and unusual period in historical perspective Family patterns in the centuries leading up to the 1900s include: ______ marriage and non ___ births _____ death rates, which made ______ common Last half of the 20th century Cohabitation, non marital births, and divorce retuned the ____ to a more ___ set of family patterns
Uniformity of family patterns in the mid-twentieth century was the most distinctive and unusual period in historical perspective Family patterns in the centuries leading up to the 1900s include: Informal marriage and non marital births High death rates, which made widowhood common Last half of the 20th century Cohabitation, non marital births, and divorce retuned the West to a more diverse set of family patterns
Effects of Welfare Reform: Welfare reform coincided with a dramatic _____ in TANF caseloads Declined by more than___ by ____ Employment rate of never-married mothers____ Number of children living in deep poverty ____ Work-focused social welfare system has provided ____benefits to low- and moderate-income families
Welfare reform coincided with a dramatic decline in TANF caseloads Declined by more than two-thirds by 2015 Employment rate of never-married mothers increased Number of children living in deep poverty increased Work-focused social welfare system has provided increased benefits to low- and moderate-income families
Prevalence in Intimate Partner Violence: Women ___ likely to report being victimized by an intimate partner Chance of a woman being victimized was 36 percent as of 2010 Women face __ risk of being injured by someone they know well than do men
Women more likely to report being victimized by an intimate partner Chance of a woman being victimized was 36 percent as of 2010 Women face greater risk of being injured by someone they know well than do men
Prevalence: Women who are frequently drunk, are unmarried, or who are victims of previous sexual assaults are ___ likely to be victimized Men as ____ More likely to show ____ to women and to believe men should be ____ and women ___ Intimate setting - ___ on college campuses
Women who are frequently drunk, are unmarried, or who are victims of previous sexual assaults are more likely to be victimized Men as perpetrators More likely to show hostility to women and to believe men should be dominant and women subordinate Intimate setting - Greater on college campuses
Steps to Reduce the Negative Effects of Union Dissolution and Repartnering: Working toward _____ the divorce rate Assisting parents and children in unions that are ____ Promoting conflict-resolution ____ Urging that children be kept out of____ Providing guidelines on how to minimize the impact of a _____ Encouraging support groups and services in ___
Working toward reducing the divorce rate Assisting parents and children in unions that are dissolving Promoting conflict-resolution strategies Urging that children be kept out of conflict Providing guidelines on how to minimize the impact of a dissolution Encouraging support groups and services in schools
