Ch. 1- Ch. 3

CDF

The Children's Defense Fund is an organization that advocates for children, particularly those in poverty and/or of color

Which of the following is the center of pleasure during the phallic stage? (Select all that apply.) A. Genitals B. Anus C. Face D. Mouth

A. Genitals

social learning theory

A branch of behaviorism that focuses on the significance of modeling and imitation in a child's development

Head Start

A comprehensive, federally funded program that provides education, health screening, and social services to help low-incomes families give their children-from birth to age five-the start they need to succeed in public school. There are some state-supported versions of Head Start as well

scaffolding

A form of assistance that supports and furthers understanding and performance in a learner

holistic listening

A form of listening that goes beyond merely hearing. Holistic listening involves the whole body and uses all the senses in order to pick up subtle cues that aren't put into words or otherwise readily apparent.

Montessori

A particular approach to education founded by Maria Montessori (Italy's first woman physician) that emphasizes the active involvement of children in the learning process and promotes the concept of a prepared environment

parent cooperative preschool

A program designed to educate parents while serving their children. This type of program, sometimes called a "parents participation nursery school," operates on a cooperative basis and is often run by parents under the auspices of public school systems.

professionalism

A set of attitudes, theories, and standards that guides the early childhood professional. An early childhood professional is someone who is (1) trained in the principles and practices of the education of young children between birth and age eight; (2) knows about the ethics, standards, and legal responsibilities of the profession; and (3) conducts himself or herself accordingly

psychosocial stages

A set of developmental stages described and named by Erik Erikson that focuses on successive social crises

cognitive stages

A set of stages described and named by Jean Piaget that focuses on intellectual development

sociocultural theory

A theory developed by Lev Vygotsky that focuses on the effect of cultural context or development

learning theory

A theory that focuses on the scientific study of behaviors that can be seen and measured. Learning theory, also call "behaviorism," attributes all change to environmental influences

Which of the following was the view of Rousseau about the newborn? Multiple choice question. A. A child unfolds naturally. B. A child has no inborn ability to influence his or her development. C. Each child carried the seed of evil. D. A child gets totally influenced by his or her environment.

A. A child unfolds naturally

What did NAEYC create in their work? Multiple choice question. A. Code of ethics B. Government policies C. Interdependence instead of independence D. Up gradation of pay

A. Code of ethics

What do those who are untrained in early childhood education tend to rely on? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Experience B. Science C. Assumptions D. Knowledge

A. Experience C. Assumptions

Which of the following are types of early childhood education that take place in the home? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Family child care B. Head Start C. Visitor programs D. Special education

A. Family child care C. Visitor programs

Identify the true statements about J. H. Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a well-known early childhood educator. (Select all that apply.) A. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences. B. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten" by creating that institution. C. He created the Montessori program. D. He stressed an integrated curriculum.

A. He believed that children learn through activity and sensory experiences. D. He stressed an integrated curriculum.

Identify the true statements about John Dewey (1858-1952), a well-known early childhood educator. (Select all that apply.) A. He created the progressive education movement. B. He created the Montessori program. C. He became known as the "Father of Kindergarten" by creating that institution, and he was the first educator to bring play into education. D. He believed that curriculum should be built on the interests of the children and that subject matter should be integrated into those interests.

A. He created the progressive education movement D. He believed that curriculum should be built on the interests of the children and that subject matter should be integrated into those interests

Which of the following are important themes to early childhood educators? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Holism B. Curriculum adherence C. Reflective practice D. Multiculturalism

A. Holism C. Reflective practice D. Multiculturalism

What kind of curriculum should be incorporated in early childhood education? Multiple choice question. A. Holistic B. Subject-oriented C. Standards-based D. Scientific

A. Holistic

Which of the following are necessary for cognitive development in children, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.) A. Imagination B. Self-satisfaction C. Observing D. Pretend playing

A. Imagination D. Pretend playing

In which stage do children learn competency and strive to be productive in a variety of areas? A. Industry versus inferiority B. Initiative versus guilt C. Trust versus mistrust D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

A. Industry versus inferiority

Which of the following has the NAEYC accomplished? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It created an accreditation process. B. It created new versions of "Stand for Children." C. It worked to upgrade pay for teachers. D. It standardized the "Ages and Stages" model.

A. It created an accreditation process C. It worked to upgrade pay for teachers

What does research show about the effectiveness of physical punishments? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It creates hostile feelings. B. It models violence. C. It improves behavior. D. It helps a child to distinguish between right and wrong.

A. It creates hostile feelings B. It models violence

Identify a true statement about Head Start, an early childhood program classified based on sponsorship. Multiple choice question. A. It provides education, health screening, and social services to help low-income families enable their children to succeed in public school. B. It is designed primarily for parent education; parents are educated through the program but they also serve as "co-teachers." C. It is an example of a private-nonprofit program. D. It is categorized as a private-for-profit program.

A. It provides education, health screening, and social services to help low-income families enable their children to succeed in public school

What is the new area of focus for developmentally appropriate practice introduced in the twenty-first century? Multiple choice question. A. Learning and program standards B. Holistic child development C. Individual construction of knowledge D. More-challenging curriculum

A. Learning and program standards

What philosophical position was Rousseau endorsing when he described babies as little angels? A. Nature is dominant over nurture B. Nurture is dominant over nature C. Neither nature nor nurture have any important effects D. Nature and nurture are balanced in their effects

A. Nature is dominant over nurture

Which of the following are different in early childhood education from other professions? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Requirements for entrance B. Lack of professional autonomy C. Commitment to professionalism D. Training requirements

A. Requirements for entrance B. Lack of personal autonomy D. Training requirements

Which statement best defines "Ages and Stages"? Multiple choice question. A. Tasks and behaviors are specific to different periods. B. Scientific evidence shows how best to modify behavior. C. Children should act older than they are. D. Children learn by listening.

A. Tasks and behaviors are specific to different periods.

Who was key in changing many programs' focus from child-centered to family-centered? A. Uri Bronfenbrenner B. Arnold Gesell C. Abraham Maslow D. John Dewey

A. Uri Brofenbrenner

Early childhood education can be considered a(n) ______ kind of profession. Multiple choice question. A. special B. typical C. informal D. old

A. special

According to the English philosopher John Locke's blank-slate theory of child development, _____. Multiple choice question. A. the child is open to all forms of learning that will eventually mold that child into an adult capable of functioning successfully in society B. each child carries the seed of evil as a result of being born in original sin, and only the strictest discipline can keep a child from becoming more sinful C. infants are born with an inherent drive toward goodness that is vulnerable to corruption by adults D. children are pure and innocent beings with great individual potential that only needs to be unlocked

A. the child is open to all forms of learning that will eventually mold that child into an adult capable of functioning successfully in society

both-and thinking

An approach to decision making in which the early-childhood educator considers what is developmentally, individually, and culturally appropriate in all situation; it involves coming up with a solution that may incorporate all the confluction elements. Both-and thinking contrasts with either-or thinking, in which the choice is between one solution or the other.

family child care program

An early childhood program that provides child care services in the home of the provider

center-based program

An early childhood program, usually child care, that operates in a building other than a person's home

child-centered curriculum

An education philosophy created by John Dewey that emphasizes designing curriculum according to the interests of the children rather than specific subject matter

attachment

An enduring affectionate bond between a child and a person who cares for the child, giving the child a feeling of safety or security. Building a trusting secure attachment through consistency, responsiveness, and predictability shows children they can trust the caregiver to meet their needs and frees them to explore their environment

Which of the following statements best describes the English philosopher John Locke's blank-slate theory of child development? Multiple choice question. A. "Our character is inherited." B. "Our experiences shape us entirely." C. "Early experiences do not influence a child." D. "Our character is shaped by genes and environment."

B. "Our experiences shape us entirely."

Who was a major developer of social learning theory? A. B. F. Skinner B. Albert Bandura C. Lev Vygotsky D. Jean Piaget

B. Albert Bandura

Which of the following are some common child-rearing characteristics among populations that experience high infant-mortality rates? (Select all that apply.) A. Infants are routinely sent to group day care centers with few caretakers. B. Caretakers keep infants on or near their body all the time to watch for signs of illness. C. Crying infants are quickly attended to. D. Parents are too busy to tend to a crying child.

B. Caretakers keep infants on or near their body all the time to watch for signs of illness. C. Crying infants are quickly attended to.

In the context of professional decision making based on Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Education Programs, what does "both-and thinking" require on the part of professionals for their decision making? Multiple choice question. A. Ethical compromises B. Great creativity C. Personal perspective D. Scientific knowledge

B. Greate creativity

Which of the following are different types of early childhood education programs? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Segregated B. Home C. Peer D. Center

B. Home D. Center

How do professional organizations help early childhood educators? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They help them by advocating for better housing. B. They keep them informed on current issues. C. They help them organize into unions. D. They help them in making professional ties.

B. They keep them informed on current issues D. They help them in making professional ties

Identify a true statement about emergent curriculum. Multiple choice question. A. It focuses on "top down" rather than "bottom up" curriculum. B. It emphasizes being responsive to children's interests and creating meaningful learning opportunities that organically emerge from their interests. C. It emphasizes breadth over depth of learning and is aimed at presenting children with a string of isolated, unconnected learning activities. D. It primarily prevents the flow of projects from one to another.

B. It emphasizes being responsive to children's interests and creating meaningful learning opportunities that organically emerge from their interests

Which of the following statements is true about a category of early childhood programs called the parent cooperative preschool? Multiple choice question. A. It is commonly known as the Head Start program. B. It is designed primarily for parent education; parents also serve as "co-teachers." C. It is the only program with a goal of parent education. D. It is designed primarily to provide full-day care for young children of high-income parents.

B. It is designed primarily for parent education; parents also serve as "co-teachers."

In which of Freud's psychosexual stages is feeding a major source of pleasure? A. Latency B. Oral C. Phallic D. Anal

B. Oral

What challenges are faced by professionals and funders? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Attracting children to programs B. Paying trained professionals C. Increasing the quality of programs D. Conducting full-day educational programs

B. Paying trained professionals C. Increasing the quality of programs

What do behaviorists believe to be the key to promoting good behavior in children? A. Love and trust B. Reinforcement C. Support D. Belief

B. Reinforcement

Which of the following are among the attributes normally required by a profession? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Limited training B. Specialized knowledge and expertise C. Standards of practice D. Close association with clients

B. Specialized knowledge and expertise C. Standards of practice

Which of the following was stated by the English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) as part of the blank-slate theory of child development? Multiple choice question. A. The child has specific tendencies to think or behave one way or another. B. The child has no inborn ability to influence his or her own development. C. The child has a wild nature that must be tamed, shaped, and molded. D. The child carries the seed of evil as a result of being born in original sin.

B. The child has no inborn ability to influence his or her own development

Continuing research on physical milestones of development has aimed to standardize it in terms of ______. Multiple choice question. A. medical advances B. ages and stages C. ideal behavior D. social statistics

B. ages and stages

The main aim of early childhood educators is to educate the child ______. Multiple choice question. A. as an intellectual B. as a whole C. culturally D. socially

B. as a whole

In the context of child-development theories, Sigmund Freud believed that _____. A. only that which can be seen and measured—outward behavior—is worth studying B. early experiences determine personality development and create specific outcomes C. adults who use rewards are influenced by learning theory based on behavioristic principles D. all behavior is learned through the consequences of the individual's actions

B. early experiences determine personality development and create specific outcomes

Sigmund Freud thought of pretend play as children's way of working through _____. A. physical disabilities B. emotional issues C. personality conflicts D. family problems

B. emotional issues

Abraham Maslow's theory of self-actualization asserts that _____. A. every child is a passive recipient of experience rather than someone with specific tendencies to think in a specific way B. every human being is motivated by a set of basic needs regardless of age, gender, or cultural background C. both parents and educators have the power to determine the character, talents, and inclinations of an individual D. a child's development comes from the home and parents, but outside early experiences influence development, too

B. every human being is motivated by a set of basic needs regardless of age, gender, or cultural background

In the context of child-development theories, the behaviorists John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that _____. A. innate instincts were important in child development B. only that which can be seen and measured—outward behavior—was worth studying C. unobservable concepts like "mind" and "emotions" were important in child development D. child development unfolded only in ages and stages

B. only that which can be seen and measure-outward behavior- was worth studying

In Jean Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, children use _____ thinking. A. critical B. symbolic C. logical D. creative

B. symbolic

Which statement best defines social learning theory? A. Children learn from being instructed by their parents. B. Children learn through pretend play. C. Children learn through modeling and observing others. D. Children learn through reinforcements.

C. Children learn through modeling and observing others

Which of the following are notable elements of the Reggio Emilia early-education system founded by the pioneer childhood educator Loris Malaguzzi? (Select all that apply.) A. Close adherence to psychosexual stage theory B. Bridging the physical and spiritual worlds C. Cooperation and collaboration at all levels D. An emergent curriculum

C. Cooperation and collaboration at all levels D. An emergent curriculum

Which statement best describes the difference between nature and nurture? Multiple choice question. A. Nature refers to environmental influences and nurture is inherited. B. Nature and nurture refers to inherited genes. C. Nature is inherited and nurture refers to environmental influences. D. Nature and nurture refers to environmental influences.

C. Nature is inherited and nurture refers to environmental influences

Which of the following are contributions of Maria Montessori (1870-1952), a well-known early childhood educator? (Select all that apply.) A. Bridging the physical and spiritual world B. Emphasis on rote learning C. Specific kinds of self-correcting learning materials D. Child-sized furniture

C. Specific kinds of self-correcting learning materials D. Child-sized furniture

What did Watson believe was the way to change behavior? A. Meditation B. Intuition C. Training D. Will

C. Training

Which of the following statements relates directly to reflective practice? A. We must recognize, respect and value diversity B. We must fashion the curriculum to facilitate the teaching-learning process C. We must examine our experience to learn from it and grown D. We must accept that we are educators as well as babysitters

C. We must examine our experience to learn from it and grow

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, when do children trust the world? A. When they become independent B. When they become dependent C. When their needs are met D. When their needs are not met

C. When their needs are met

What did NAEYC create in their work? Multiple choice question. A. Up gradation of pay B. Interdependence instead of independence C. Code of ethics D. Government policies

C. code of ethics

Jean Piaget believed in the literal meaning of the term "_____," or that stages unfold through maturation. A. growth B. learning C. development D. education

C. development

Among populations that experience high infant-mortality rates, _____. A. crying babies are rarely attended to B. child rearing typically lacks any common characteristics C. early education is of less concern than survival D. infants are kept away from a caretaker's body during daytime

C. early education is of less concern than survival

A category of early childhood programs that deserves special mention is the parent cooperative preschool, sometimes called a _____. Multiple choice question. A. co-children pre-K school B. both-and charters school C. parent-participation nursery school D. co-teachers service school

C. parent-participation nursery school

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one can reach the topmost level of _____ only once the more basic needs are met. Multiple choice question. A. self-esteem B. physiological needs C. self-actualization D. safety needs

C. self-actualization

According to Jean Piaget, an infant has begun to use mental as well as physical activity to learn by the end of the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. preoperational B. concrete operational C. latency D. sensorimotor

D. sensorimotor

Which age group shows initiative versus guilt? A. 10-12 B. 7-10 C. 1-3 D. 3-6

D. 3-6

In which stage do children learn self-sufficiency? A. Initiative versus guilt B. Trust versus mistrust C. Industry versus inferiority D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Physical milestones of development were introduced based on research of ______. Multiple choice question. A. training institutes B. public opinion C. psychotherapists D. children's behavior

D. Children's behavior

Which term can be best described as a plan of learning? Multiple choice question. A. Career B. Knowledge C. Training D. Curriculum

D. Curriculum

Who is recognized as the "Father of Modern Behaviorism"? A. Erik Erikson B. B. F. Skinner C. Sigmund Freud D. John B. Watson

D. John B. Watson

Which of the following philosophical positions did John Locke endorse when he described a newborn as a tabula rasa in the blank-slate theory of child development? Multiple choice question. A. Neither nature nor nurture is important. B. Nature is dominant over nurture. C. Nature and nurture are balanced in their effects. D. Nurture is dominant over nature.

D. Nurture is dominant over nature

What kind of development takes place when children are encouraged to play pretend? A. Physiological development B. Psychological development C. Physical development D. Symbolic development

D. Symbolic development

Which of the following organizations is a lobby advocating for children in poverty? Multiple choice question. A. National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) B. Zero to Three C. Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI) D. The Children's Defense Fund (CDF)

D. The Children's Defense Fund (CDF)

In what way do early childhood educators lack professional autonomy? Multiple choice question. A. Childhood educators do not have a code of ethics. B. There are no requirements for entrance. C. Prolonged training is not generally required. D. The field is governed by laws and licensing agencies.

D. The field is governed by laws and licensing agencies

How are "stages" related to "ages"? Multiple choice question. A. Different stages may occur at any age. B. There is a one-to-one correspondence from one to the other. C. Stages are inversely related to age. D. The stages usually correspond to particular ages, but not always.

D. The stages usually correspond to particular ages, but not always

Educational goals designed by early childhood educators help each child to ______. Multiple choice question. A. learn as many facts as they can B. escape their social context C. break free of family ties D. achieve his or her individual potential

D. achieve his or her individual potential

When trained ECE professionals work in quality programs for young children, they combine education and _______. Multiple choice question. A. physical health B. emotional well-being C. standards D. care

D. care

Measuring outcomes has become a subject of controversy in the profession as children are being judged on ______. Multiple choice question. A. creative potential B. physical looks C. level of enthusiasm D. test performance

D. test performance

ACEI

The Association for Childhood Education International is an early childhood professional organization that publishes a journal, holds international conferences, and guides and supports professionals in the field. Founded in the late 1800s as a kindergarten organization, the ACEI broadened its focus in the 1930s to include preschools and elementary schools

NAEYC

The National Association for the Education of Young Children is the largest and best-known early childhood professional organization. In addition to publishing a journal and holding conferences, the NAEYC sets standards for the early childhood field and advocates for young children and their families through its position statements.

nature-nurture question

The question that asks, "What causes children to turn out the way they do?" In other words is a child's development influenced more by his or her heredity (nature) or by his or her environment (nurture)? This question is sometimes called a "controversy", because nature proponents insist that genetics plays a stronger role in influencing development, while nurture proponents make the same claim about environmental experiences

Behaviorism

The scientific study of behaviors that can be seen and measured. Behaviorism, also called "learning theory," attributes all developmental change to environmental influences

child development

The study of how children change as they grow from a qualitative rather than merely quantitative standpoint

True or false: Most child development researchers focus on specific areas, such as how children develop thinking or social skills. True false question. True False

True

Ages and stages

a catch phrase that relates to childhood developmental features and behaviors that tend to correlate with specific ages. Each stage describes a particular period of development that differs qualitatively from the stages that precede and follow it. The sequence of stages never varies.

emergent curriculum

a curriculum that grows out of children's interests and activities and takes shape over time. Although emergent curriculum often has a spontaneous aspect and is child-centered, it is also facilitates and , thus, planned for by adults.

distraction

a device to keep a child from continuing an action or behavior. Distraction can also be used to take children's minds off a strong feelings. Distraction works but has side effects as children learn that their energy or feelings are not acceptable to adults who distract them. Distraction is sometimes confused with redirection and may look similar, but distraction is aimed at stopping the energy behind the behavior or the feeling, whereas redirection moves it in a more acceptable direction.

anecdotal records

a documentation method that briefly describes an activity, a snatch of conversation, a chant, and so on. Anecdotal records can be based on reflection or written on the spot.

double blind

a kind of mixed message that causes confusion. for example, a mother embraces a child and says, "Why don't you go play with the other children?" Her body language says "Stay here with me," but her actual words say the opposite.

impression management

a non constructive way of talking to children that discounts their feelings and their sense of reality. For example, a child says, "I don't like that sandwich." In response, the adult says, "Yes, you do." Impression management teaches children to mistrust their senses.

curriculum

a plan for learning. Curriculum can be both written (an official plan in the form of, for example, an outline or web) and unwritten (that is, unconscious learning that occurs through the adult-child relationship).

self-esteem

a realistic assessment of one's worth that results in feelings of confidence and satisfaction

stage theorist

a theorist who believes that children develop according to specific, sequential stages of development

incongruence

a type of mixed message that causes confusion. For example, a person's body language might convey anger while the words contradict the emotion.

holism

a view that considers the whole as more important than an analysis of the parts. A holistic view of the child, for example, integrates the mind, body, feelings, and personal context into an inseparable unit. A holistic curriculum is an integrated approach to a plan for learning in which the teaching-learning process occurs throughout the day rather than being broken into separate subjects.

reflective practice

a way of examining one's own experience-both past and present-in order to understand it, learn from it, and grow. Reflective thinking is a useful exercise for examining personal reactions to certain situations or people that may get in the way of developing and maintaining relationships or effectively facilitating the teaching-learning process.

multiculturism

an approach to education that accepts and respects cultural differences and supports the vision of a pluralistic society

An approach to teaching that focuses on "bottom up" rather than "top down" curriculum is known as ______________________________.

emergent curriculum

Physical milestones of development

events that mark progress in the path of physical development, such as the first time a baby rolls over, sits up, or takes a first step. These milestones, which were introduced by Arnold Gesell, are based on norms that come from the scientific study of children's physical behavior.

receptive language

language that can be understood, though perhaps not spoken. Receptive language develops earlier than its counterpart, expressive language.

expressive language

language that is produced to convey ideas, feelings, thoughts, and so on. Expressive language develops later than its counterpart, receptive language.