Ch 1. Fundamentals of Reading Comprehension

In order to effectively draw conclusions, readers need to:

1.) Consider what they already know from their own experiences 2.) Gather all of the information that the author has given them (characters' personalities, feelings and motivations, the time period and place, conflicts, etc.)

____ in fiction is a reasonable conclusion or judgment about some element of a story based on information given in the story and the reader's personal knowledge of how the world works. A.) A question B.) A clue C.) An inference D.) An implication E.) A puzzle

An inference Explanation: An inference in fiction is a reasonable conclusion or judgment about some element of a story based on information given in the story and the reader's personal knowledge of how the world works.

Which of the following statements is a fact? A.) Bats are nocturnal mammals B.) I think the Golden State Warriors will win the game tonight C.) Playing outdoors is the best form of exercise for kids D.) Chocolate milk tastes great

Bats are nocturnal mammals Explanation: A fact is a statement that can be proven. The fact that bats are nocturnal mammals can be proven.

You are reading a text that offers a series of steps for learning how to swim. What is the purpose of the text? A.) To inform B.) To describe C.) To instruct D.) To persuade E.) To explain

To instruct Explanation: Texts that offer a series of steps to accomplish a specific task are texts that instruct.

big names

a form of persuasion that uses experts or famous people to support their argument. Example: a celebrity endorsing a product on a commercial.

logos

a form of persuasion that uses facts, numbers, and data to support their claim (logic). Example: commercial stating that a toothpaste reduces cavities by 99%. This company is using this percentage to try to persuade you to buy their product.

fact

a statement that CAN be proven.

Why is drawing conclusions an important skill for readers to learn?

-It encourages readers to pay attention to what they are reading -use what they know from life experiences -look at the details and facts in the text as clues that will help them draw conclusions about what is meant but not explicitly stated.

How to draw an inference?

1.) Look for clues in the text 2.) Think about what you already know from your own experience in the real world 3.) Put these two pieces of the puzzle together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion Example: At first, you might wonder what your cat is doing. You look for clues in your cat's behavior and notice how she meows and rubs your legs to get your attention and how she stares at the food cupboard. You also think about what you already know from past experience; your cat has done this before, and you've responded by giving her food. So you put those two pieces together in a logical way and correctly infer that your cat wants food.

Which of the following statements is an opinion? A.) Alligators are scary-looking animals B.) It is currently raining outside C.) A piano is comprised of 88 ivory keys D.) The milk we drink comes from cows

Alligators are scary-looking animals Explanation: An opinion is something that cannot be proven; in other words, a person's belief. Alligator's are scary-looking is an opinion. It cannot be proven and it is one person's belief. Someone else may think alligator's are cute.

Why is an informed opinion more trustworthy than an opinion? A.) An opinion is a personal belief that is backed by knowledge on the subject B.) An informed opinion discloses more facts than an opinion C.) An informed opinion is based on all information from both sides of an argument D.) An opinion is a personal belief supported with information on the subject

An informed opinion is based on all information from both sides of an argument Explanation: An informed opinion, like a regular opinion, is also a judgment, but it is supported with information or knowledge on the subject. This is also known as an educated belief. Informed opinions rely on evidence and not personal experience.

What is the goal of the author when they write to entertain?

Authors goal is to entertain by of telling a story or describing real or imaginary characters, places and events. (fiction, which is literature that is not real.) Example: The famous Harry Potter series, The Hunger Games trilogy, the Diary of a Wimpy Kid books

You see a person cough and conclude that they have a cold. You remember coughing the last time you had a cold. What is being used to make the inference? A.) None of the answers are correct; the statement is a fact and not an inference. B.) Background and observation C.) Observation and fact D.) Background and fact

Background and observation Explanation: The observation of a cough and background knowledge of the relationship between a cough and a cold allow you to logically conclude that the person has a cold.

What can you infer from this text? The car was silent as Ellie and her mother drove home. Tears streamed down Ellie's face, but she wasn't sad. She was angry, very angry. 'She has no right!' Ellie thought rebelliously. 'No right at all to say those things to me in front of my friends. How could she? I'll never be able to face them again! I'm so embarrassed.' Ellie's mother carried on her own internal monologue: 'She has never acted like this before. What happened? I didn't do or say anything unusual. At least I didn't think I did. Now what?'

Ellie's mother had said something to embarrass her daughter in front of her friends

'My school is located in Cleveland, Ohio.' Is this statement a fact or opinion?

Fact Explanation: Can it be proven that the school is in Cleveland? Of course it can. The building is either there or not. This is a fact.

What is the mood of the following passage? Nearly in tears, the proud father beamed as he handed his newborn daughter to his mother. The grandmother smiled wide and cradled the baby in her arms. A.) Happy B.) Sad C.) Apprehensive D.) Threatening

Happy Explanation: To describe mood, you should think about the setting and the language used by the author. The passage has a positive mood, with words such as beamed and smiled; therefore, 'happy' is the best choice.

Which of the following best describes the tone of this passage: He gritted his teeth and clenched his fist. He didn't think he could take the sound of the construction crew across the street anymore. The sounds of jackhammers and hammering were driving him insane. A.) Somber B.) Nervous C.) Relieved D.) Irritated E.) Positive

Irritated Explanation: The best choice would be irritated. We can see this through the idea of clenched fists, gritted teeth, and 'driving him insane.'

What is the purpose of the text? I clearly remember my eighth birthday party. When I close my eyes, I can still picture the pink balloons. I can still hear the laughter and squeals of my friends as I opened their colorfully wrapped presents and exclaimed with delight at each of my gifts. I can even recall the taste of my cake, chocolate with sugary-sweet butter cream frosting, pink, of course.

Its purpose is to describe. Explanation: This text provides a set of sensory details that form a mental picture in the reader's mind.

What is the purpose of the text? How to make a greeting card. First, select the stickers or embellishments you wish to use. This will help you determine your color scheme. Second, select the paper you will need for the card's base and any matting you might want to use. Third, gather your tools. You will probably need a paper cutter, scissors, and some adhesive as well as a stamp or template for the greeting. Fourth, cut out the card and matting. Fifth, fold the card base. Sixth, apply the embellishments to the card base or matting. Seventh, create the greeting with a stamp or template. Eighth, assemble the card, using the adhesive to attach any matting to the card base.

Its purpose is to instruct.

Vote for Mike Anderson! He's the candidate that has a plan to get workers back to work. He's the candidate with experience (as mayor, as a member of the city council, and as a member of the school board). He's the candidate with integrity. He's the candidate who has the support of the local police and fire departments. Vote for Mike Anderson. He's the best candidate for the job!

Its purpose is to persuade. Explanation: This text is trying to convince readers to do something, to vote for Mike Anderson, and offers several reasons why they should take that course of action.

What can you infer from this text? Kari skipped down the steps, jumping the bottom two and scurried into the kitchen. She grabbed her lunch from the counter, kissed her mom and headed for the door, confident that this would be the start of a great new school year.

Kari is excited about her first day of school

How can a text's context of language and form affect the readability of a work? A.) Long words are less enjoyable to read than short words. B.) The events and ideas can be confusing to a modern reader. C.) Currently, we are accustomed to images in our literature. D.) Language changes make some words hard to understand.

Language changes make some words hard to understand. Explanation: A text's context of language and form refers to the text's vocabulary, sentence structures, and literary form. As language changes, the use of words can become challenging to a modern reader.

Consider the following two sentences: SENTENCE 1: Although dogs are popularly known as 'man's best friend,' cats are actually the most popular pet in the United States. SENTENCE 2: Cats are stereotyped as standoffish and mysterious, while dogs are more commonly seen as enthusiastic and loyal, living up to their nickname as 'man's best friend.' What is the relationship between sentences 1 and 2? A.) Sentence 2 is a summary of sentence 1. B.) Neither sentence is a summary or a restatement of the other. C.) Sentence 2 is a restatement of sentence 1. D.) Sentence 1 is a summary of sentence 2.

Neither sentence is a summary or a restatement of the other. Explanation: Remember that to restate is to say something again in different words. Neither sentence does this because they are about completely different ideas. In addition, to summarize means to give a short version of just the main points. Again, neither sentence is a summary of the other. Sentence 1 is talking about the popularity of dogs and cats, while sentence 2 discusses the different stereotypes of the personalities dogs and cats display.

Ethan is trying to convince Serena to go to a movie with him instead of studying for her mid-terms. This situation is an example of: A.) Bullying B.) Peer pressure C.) Persuasion D.) Negotiation

Persuasion Explanation: Remember that persuasion occurs when a person is attempting to convince a person to think a certain way. Ethan is trying to convince Serena to go to the movie; therefore, he is using persuasion.

What is the third step readers must take to draw an inference? A.) All of these B.) Look for clues in the text C.) Think about what they already know from their own experience in the real world D.) Put the pieces together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion E.) None of these

Put the pieces together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion Explanation: Readers complete the process of drawing an inference by putting the pieces (i.e., the clues from the text and their personal knowledge) together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion.

Which of the following is NOT a type of persuasion? A.) Logos B.) Kairos C.) Big names D.) Questioning E.) Pathos

Questioning Explanation: Persuasion is the act of encouraging a person to believe something by appealing to reason or understanding. There are actually many more forms of persuasion, but big names, logos, pathos, and kairos are some of the most common forms seen in advertising.

Which of the following is NOT helpful when trying to determine the meaning of an unknown word? A.) Reading the word backwards B.) A root word C.) Word structure D.) Context clues E.) Prior knowledge

Reading the word backwards Explanation: Prior knowledge, context clues and word structure, including using root words, are all ways to support our understanding when we read. Reading a word backwards is NOT helpful when determining the meaning of an unknown word.

Which of the following is NOT helpful in identifying mood and tone? A.) The language B.) Word choices C.) The length of the piece D.) The setting

The length of the piece Explanation: We can identify both mood and tone by looking at the setting, characters, details, language and word choices. The length of a piece is NOT relevant to identifying mood and tone.

If you're summarizing an argument, which of the following should you include? A.) The major points of the argument, but you don't need to give all the supporting evidence. B.) The major points of the argument and all the supporting evidence. C.) You cannot summarize arguments, only stories. D.) All the supporting evidence, but not the major points of the argument.

The major points of the argument, but you don't need to give all the supporting evidence. Explanation: If you're summarizing an argument, the summary should touch on the important claims, but without going into all the details about the evidence used to support the argument.

What is the mood and tone of the sentence? Gently and softly smiling, the young, happy new mom quietly rocked her child, laid her slowly into her warm bed, and turned the nightlight on, creating a comforting glow.

The mood of this passage could be described as peaceful and loving. The tone is affectionate and calm. We see this in the words gently, softly, young, happy, warm, and comforting.

What is the mood and tone of the sentence? Slamming the door open, the angry teenager yelled at the poor, old woman waiting for the bus.

The mood of this passage could be described as sad, sympathetic, or frustrated. The tone would be sadness for the old woman or anger for the teenager. We see this in slamming, angry, poor, and old.

What is the mood and tone of this sentence? Nearly skipping into the room, her face glowed as she showed her shining, beautiful engagement ring.

The mood of this passage is happy, joyful, optimistic, or excited. The tone (how the author feels about the topic) is positive. We can see this in the words skipping, glowed, shining, and beautiful.

What is the purpose of a text? A.) An argument. B.) The writer's reason for writing. C.) A set of facts. D.) A narrative technique that involves sensory details.

The writer's reason for writing.

A student is reading a book, and they come across the word heliogram. They don't know what it means, but they do know that heliocentric means having the sun at the center. What strategy would the student use and why? A.) They'll use context clues, because they think that knowing the context will be important in understanding what a heliogram is. B.) They'll make a guess, because they think that a description of a heliogram will be given later in the book. C.) They'll use prior knowledge, because the book is for readers who are knowledgeable about the solar system. D.) They'll use a known root word, because they think that the sun will be important in understanding what a heliogram is.

They'll use a known root word, because they think that the sun will be important in understanding what a heliogram is. Explanation: We can employ our knowledge of words and word parts to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words. By recognizing the root 'helio' which means 'having the sun at the center', a student can figure out that a 'heliogram' more than likely has something to do with the sun.

What is the second step readers must take to draw an inference? A.) Put the pieces together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion B.) Think about what they already know from their own experience in the real world C.) All of these D.) Look for clues in the text E.) None of these

Think about what they already know from their own experience in the real world Explanation: When drawing an inference, readers must take the second step of thinking about what they already know from their own experience in the real world.

Which of the following is an example of persuasion through the use of logos ('logos' as in philosophy, not trademarks)? A.) TODAY ONLY - Take 30% off 1 regular-priced item B.) This supplement will improve your dog's mobility by 65% in under two weeks C.) Recycle now before we destroy our planet D.) The skin regimen is key to how Cindy Crawford has maintained her youthful appearance

This supplement will improve your dog's mobility by 65% in under two weeks Explanation: Logos is the use of facts to support a claim. Either logic, numbers, or data can all be used as supporting facts, which includes percentages. Therefore, the supplement claiming to improve your dog's mobility by 65% in under two weeks, is using persuasion through the use of logos.

You are reading a text that's attempting to convince you chocolate cake is the best dessert. What is the purpose of the text? A.) To explain B.) To describe C.) To instruct D.) To inform E.) To persuade

To persuade Explanation: Texts that attempt to convince readers to assent to a particular belief or opinion or to act in a particular way are texts that persuade.

Consider the following sentence: 'Concerned about their safety, Lindsey never let her children play outside at night without adult supervision.' Which of the following answers best restates this sentence? A.) Lindsey always supervised her children when they played inside. B.) Lindsey had two children. C.) When her children played outside at night, Lindsey always watched them to make sure they were safe. D.) Adult supervision is important for children playing outside.

When her children played outside at night, Lindsey always watched them to make sure they were safe. Explanation: 'When her children played outside at night, Lindsey always watched them to make sure they were safe.' This sentence is restating the above sentence because it is saying the same thing, only in different words.

Why is the historical context of the Diary of Anne Frank, a story of a Jewish girl in Nazi Germany, important? A.) The word usage in the story would be difficult for a modern reader to understand. B.) Without understanding World War II, the story has little meaning. C.) Anne Frank was a scientist. D.) Without understanding Anne Frank's life before the story, it has little meaning.

Without understanding World War II, the story has little meaning. Explanation: A text's historical context is the historical events and ideas that surround an author and help shape his or her writing. The focus of the story is around the fear the Jewish victim felt during the Nazi reign.

Which of these is NOT a step in the process to finding a passage's implied main idea? A.) Write a summary of the passage B.) Examine individual details. C.) Read the passage entirely. D.) Put the details together.

Write a summary of the passage.

You have a dinner party and all the guests ask for seconds. What is the most logical conclusion? A.) Your guests will eat anything you serve. B.) Your food is terrible. C.) Your guests eat too much. D.) Your food is good.

Your food is good. Explanation: If people like the meal, they will logically ask for a second serving.

pathos

a form of persuasion that appeals to emotion. Example: commercials for a dog rescue shelters. Usually a sad song plays while images of hurt and abused animals pan across the screen. They want you to feel so bad for the animals that you donate to the shelter or even adopt one of the dogs.

kairos

a form of persuasion that builds a sense of urgency. Example: commercials or ads. Limited time only, Black Friday Sale, Fourth of July Savings

Read the brief passage below and identify its implied main idea. You wouldn't peel carrots with a nail file. And you can't tune an engine with a cheese grater. So why would you buy a wrench to do a screwdriver's job? A.) Buy carrots and cheese for dinner. B.) Take your car in for regular tune-ups. C.) Wrenches and screwdrivers do the same things. D.) Always use the right tool.

always use the right tool.

informed opinion

an opinion that is supported with information or knowledge on the subject that relies on evidence and not personal experience. (also know as educated belief.)

Restating

answer: say something again in different words *A restatement can be longer or shorter than the original text* Example: Saskatoon is colder than Chicago, but many cities in Siberia are even colder than Saskatoon. Can you rephrase that? Let's start by taking the words out, so you don't get distracted by the way it's originally phrased. That gives you an idea of what the sentence means, but without the original wording to distract you. Now, try to rephrase that. restated: Temperatures in Saskatoon often drop precipitously in the winter. The city is colder than Chicago on average, but it still doesn't measure up to parts of Siberia. Here, the focus is back on the cities with the sentence simply rearranged to say the same thing in a different way.

What is the goal of the author when they write to persuade?

author's goal is to convince the reader to agree with the author. This might mean the author wants the reader to think or even act in a specific way. Example: speeches, advertisements, commercials and newspaper editorials. Any forms of propaganda

What is the goal of the author when they write to inform?

author's goal is to enlighten the reader about real-world topics and provide facts on those topics. However, in contrast to pieces written to persuade, these facts are not used to support a specific opinion. The facts are presented in order to teach the reader. Examples: textbooks, cookbooks, newspapers and encyclopedias.

abstract word

carry different meanings, such as pleasant love, success, freedom, good, moral, democracy, and any -ism (chauvinism, Communism, feminism, racism, sexism). Example: freedom. The word is familiar enough, but when I say, "I want freedom," what am I talking about? divorce? self-employment? summer vacation? paid-off debts? my own car? looser pants? It can mean many different things.

Looking at the words surrounding an unknown word to determine its meaning is an example of using _____. A.) word structure B.) prior knowledge C.) a root word D.) context clues

context clues Explanation: We use context clues, or the information surrounding an unfamiliar word or phrase, to determine its meaning.

An implied main idea is _____. A.) found in every paragraph B.) deduced from surrounding details C.) always summed up in the first sentence of a paragraph D.) stated clearly

deduced from surrounding details.

Texts providing sensory details allowing readers to form a mental picture of some person, place, thing, or event are texts that _____. A.) instruct B.) inform C.) persuade D.) explain E.) describe

describe Explanation: Texts providing sensory details allowing readers to form a mental picture of some person, place, thing, or event are texts that describe.

Context of the reader

in which the reader's own experiences, culture, education, and beliefs contribute to the understanding and interpretation of a text

Texts that provide facts about some topic the writer believes is important for the reader to understand are texts that _____. A.) explain B.) persuade C.) describe D.) instruct C.) inform

inform Explanation: Texts that provide facts about some topic the writer believes is important for the reader to understand are texts that inform.

What are the other variety of purposes that fall under inform?

instruct - instruct their readers, they offer a series of steps to accomplish a specific task. Examples: Instruction manuals, how-to books, and recipes are types of instructional writing. explain - they tell their readers how something works. Example: An article about the discovery and use of electricity, for instance, fulfills the purpose of explanation. describe - they provide sensory details that allow their readers to form a mental picture of some person, place, or thing. Example: An eye-witness account of a traffic accident or a personal essay about the writer's childhood are examples of descriptive writing.

When reading a story, it is important to _____ or find the intended meaning. A.) make predictions about the next chapter B.) look for what the author is trying to teach us C.) look for common themes D.) ask questions about the characters

look for what the author is trying to teach us Explanation: An intended meaning is when we use inferences to reach a conclusion of what the author is trying to teach us.

Which of these represents the primary point or argument of a sentence or passage? A.) thesis statement B.) modus operandi C.) prime motivator D.) main idea

main idea

An implied main idea is the primary point of a sentence or passage that is... A.) fully stated B.) clearly stated C.) not clearly stated D.) partially stated

not clearly stated

'My school is the best school ever.' Is this statement a fact or opinion?

opinion Explanation: This statement cannot be proven and only shows one person's thoughts.

academic journals

periodicals in which experts in a specific field publish their work and research. The opinions found in these writings are definitely informed. Example: articles in The New England Journal of Medicine are written by experienced doctors. Each has done extensive research and has been highly educated in the field of medicine. These informed opinions are much more trustworthy.

main idea

primary point or argument in a sentence or passage.

Applying what you know about U.S. history when you read a historical novel is an example of using _____. A.) word structure B.) prior knowledge C.) a root word D.) context clues

prior knowledge Explanation: Prior knowledge is the information we carry around with us, and all the previous experiences we call up when reading. If you are able to apply what you know about U.S. history when reading a historical novel, you are activating your prior knowledge of history.

What is the text's purpose if the text provides sensory details that allow the reader to form a mental picture?

purpose is to describe

What is the text's purpose if the text tells how something works?

purpose is to explain

What is the text's purpose if the text offers a set of facts?

purpose is to inform.

What is the text's purpose if the text provide a series of steps to accomplish a specific task?

purpose is to instruct

What is the text's purpose if the text attempts to change the reader's opinion about something or encourage the reader to act in a particular way?

purpose is to persuade

general word

refer to groups Furniture is a general term and car, or chair

specific word

refer to individual Ford Focus is a specific term and rocking chair

The best approach to making an inference is to _____. A.) review the background, ask questions, make predictions, and then draw a conclusion B.) review the background, take notes, and then draw a conclusion C.) research related topics, take notes, and then draw a conclusion D.) review the background, research related topics, make guesses, and then draw a conclusion

review the background, ask questions, make predictions, and then draw a conclusion Explanation: Before reading a text, you should review the background. Next, ask questions and make predictions. Finally, reach a conclusion and then see if your conclusion makes sense.

concrete word

show us the meaning. (spoon, table, velvet eye patch, nose ring, sinus mask, green, hot, walking.) Example: The word spoon, I can pick up a spoon and show it to you. [I can't pick up a freedom and show it to you, or point to a small democracy crawling along a window sill. I can measure sand and oxygen by weight and volume, but I can't collect a pound of responsibility or a liter of moral outrage.]

Mood

the atmosphere of the story (happiness, sadness, darkness, anger, suspicion, loneliness, or even excitement) Example: if we read a short story about a lovable nanny, we would expect positive words like cheerful, loving, and caring. However, we could take that same idea of a nanny and make it more of a horror story by changing the atmosphere with aggravated, cold, and enraged. We have the same character, but the author's message and description is much different.

Tone

the author's attitude towards the topic

Clues to an author's intended meaning may be found through historical contexts, culture contexts, the author's background, and _____. A.) the reader's knowledge on the subject B.) other books written in the same time period C.) similar books by other authors D.) the author's other works

the author's other works Explanation: In order to reach a conclusion as to the intended meaning, it is important to look at the author. This can be done by reading autobiographies, biographies, or other books written by the author.

Context clues

the information surrounding an unfamiliar word or phrase, to determine its meaning. Example: 'I don't think I really saw people then, except as appendages to my needs.' If you didn't know what 'appendages' meant, you could use the context clues in the rest of the sentence to figure it out. The speaker says she wasn't able to 'see people' except for how they could serve her needs, making an 'appendage' something that is secondary to a primary object.

prior knowledge

the information we carry around with us, and all the previous experiences we call up when reading. Example: when we read a book about sea turtles, we recall everything we already know about the subject of turtles and related topics like the ocean and reptiles.

implied main idea

the primary point of a sentence or passage that is not clearly stated, but instead deduced from surrounding details. (hints that create the main idea of the story)

What is the text's purpose if the text is a novel, a story, or a poem?

the purpose is to entertain.

What is author's purpose?

the reason the author writes a specific piece ( Inform, persuade, express, & entertain) Explanation: Author's purpose changes with each piece of writing. For each text the author will have a purpose, or a reason for writing that specific piece.

text's context

the situation (era) in which it is written and read. Explanation: -the historical era in which the work is created. -the experiences, culture, and beliefs of the author in his or her own era. -the language and forms popular at the time of the text's creation -the experiences, culture, and beliefs of the reader who approaches the text in his or her own era.

Read this description and decide the author's purpose. A story about a family trying to stick together and survive through the Great Depression in the Midwest in the 1930s.

to entertain Explanation: This is written to entertain. The clue here is the word story. It is using a real event, The Great Depression, but it is creating characters and events in order to entertain the reader. This is not information text since it is not giving facts, but telling a story.

Read this description and decide the author's purpose. A section in a history book describing the conditions and causes of the Great Depression in the Midwest in the 1930s

to inform Explanation: This is written to inform. A clue is that it is a history textbook, which are almost always written to inform. Also, facts on the Great Depression are presented without any mention of opinion.

Read the description and decide the author's purpose. An article that argues an IPOD music player is better than a ZUNE.

to persuade Explanation: This is written to persuade. The author is trying to get the reader to agree with him that an Ipod is better than a Zune.

Inference

using background and observation to reach a logical conclusion. Example: If you see someone eating a new food and he or she makes a face, then you infer he does not like it. Or if someone slams a door, you can infer that she is upset about something.

Context of language and form

which helps readers understand the vocabulary and sentence structures of a text as well as its literary form

biographical context

which is formed by the beliefs, education, culture, and experiences of the author

historical context

which is the historical events and ideas that surround an author and help shape his or her writing

Breaking apart a word into its component parts is an example of using _____. A.) a root word B.) prior knowledge C.) context clues D.) word structure

word structure Explanation: Word structure describes how words are formed and can be broken down into component parts.

persuasion

the act of encouraging a person to believe something by appealing to reason or understanding.

Drawing conclusions

using information that is implied or inferred to make meaning out of what is not clearly stated

When teaching beginning readers to draw conclusions, it's important to guide them in the process by:

-Building on their background knowledge -pausing to ask questions that lead them to draw conclusions based on what they know from life experience and what they've read in the text so far.

What are the steps to finding the implied main idea?

1.) Read the passage entirely 2.) Examine individual details 3.) Put the details together

What are the different types of persuasion?

1.) big names 2.) logos 3.) pathos 4.) kairos

What is the first step readers must take to draw an inference? A.) Think about what they already know from their own experience in the real world B.) Look for clues in the text C.) All of these D.) Put the pieces together in a logical way to produce a reasonable conclusion E.) None of these

Look for clues in the text Explanation: To draw an inference, readers must first look for clues in the text and pick out little pieces of information that seem to relate to the missing information or question.

The acronym for the three main types of author's purpose is?

PIE Explanation: The acronym is PIE which stands for persuade, inform and entertain.

If you're taking a multiple-choice test, and you must choose a conclusion that can be drawn from a text, you should:

Re-read the text to see which details or facts point to one of the options on the test.

Which of the follow statements is true? A.) Writers always make their meanings perfectly clear. B.) Writers sometimes seem to leave out pieces of information in their texts. C.) None of these D.) Writers never leave out any information in their texts. E.) Writers always tell their readers everything that is going on.

Writers sometimes seem to leave out pieces of information in their texts. Explanation: Writers sometimes seem to leave out pieces of information in their texts because they want their readers to draw inferences and fill in the gaps.

Summarizing

answer: give a short version of just the main points. *a summary is always shorter.*

opinion

is something that CANNOT be proven; in other words, a person's belief.

Word structure

words that can be broken into parts like word roots, prefixes and suffixes. Example: dis/enchant/ed' First, there is the root word 'enchant,' which you might know as meaning either 'to delight' or 'to put under a spell.' The prefix 'dis-' has a negative or opposite effect on a word, so the result is the opposite: neither enchanting nor delightful. Finally, the suffix or ending '-ed' changes the word to the past tense.