Exam 3 Sensation and Perception

Synthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")

metqmeric matching

diff wavelengths produce the same color experiences

the storage and/or reconstruction of information in memory when that information is not in use is known as:

representation

hue (quality)

rainbow -color

saccades

rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another

lightness

refers to how much light is reflecting off of a surface

saccadic suppresion

refers to strong reduction in visual processing during the execution of a saccade

crossed disparity

refers to the direction of disparity for objects in front of the horopter (the image in the left eye is to the right of the image of the object in the right eye).

uncrossed disparity

refers to the direction of disparity for objects that are behind the horopter (the image of the object in the left eye is to the left of the image of the object of the right eye).

Brightness

refers to the intensity of light in the surrounding area

Point-by-point comparison

"average or ideal" representation

cap grass syndrome

"label" recognition intact but "emotional" recognition missing ex: husband sees wife but there's no emotional aspect by seeing her

topographic agnosia

-CANT RECOGNIZE SPATIAL LANDSCAPES - a person is unable to recognize spatial layouts such as buildings, streets, landscapes, and so on

trichromatic theory

3 cone systems in our retinae

Müller-Lyer illusion

A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward.

ponzo illusion

An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.

shadows and shading

An object in front of its shadow, and the angle of the shadow can provide some information about how far the object is in front of the background.

optic flow

As we move, the objects present in the environment start moving on our retinas. We call this motion on the retina:

cone-opponent cell are where?

LGN

what's the movement area of the brain? (V5)

MT

MT or V5 is in the area:

Occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception

Qurioga et al. (2005) were able to examine single-cell recordings of human beings prior to brain surgery. They found that:

Specific cells in the medial temporal lobe to be specific to individual people.

Accommodation is considered an oculomotor cue to depth TRUE OR FALS

TRUE

T/F Humas have field view of 190 degrees

TRUE

focus of expansion (when moving forward)

The only point that is not moving is the point we are fixating. (e.g., driving on the highway), all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The focus of expansion is one aspect of optic flow.

size constancy

The perception of an object as having a fixed size, despite the change in the size of the visual angle that accompanies the change in distance.​

linear perspective

The pictorial depth cue that arises from the fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance

color-opponent cells are located where?

V1

after we have watched the falling of the water in a waterfall for about a minute, if we look at a blank surface, such as a white wall:

We will get a sense of motion going upward, that is, in the opposite direction of the falling water.

spectral reflectance

What's absorbed and reflected by a surface -what you see is what's bouncing back to you and the rest is reflected

motion parallax

a cue arises from the motion of a person in the environment. Faster moving objects are closer to us; slower moving objects are farther away

top-down processing

a process whereby our existing knowledge of object influences how we perceive them

bottom up processing is:

a process whereby physical stimuli influence how we perceive them

recognition

ability to match a presented item with an item in memory

constancy

ability to perceive an object as the same object under diff conditions

color constancy

ability to perceive the color of an object despite changes in illumination

what's the difference between additive and subtractive color mixing?

additive color mixing is what happens when we mix lights of different colors, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints and other colored materials

a light of 485 nm is presented to a person's visual system. What best describes what happens next?

all 3 cone systems will respond at varying strengths. Color is perceived from the mix of those responses.

achromatic lightness

amount of light reflected by surface -white, gray, black -the left color will reflect more light

the appearance of real motion from a sequence of still images is known as:

apparent motion

geons

basic units of objects

grapheme is the most common & what kind of synthesia does it have?

color

double-opponent cells sharpen what?

color boundaries

the distraction of wavelengths in sunlight changes across the day. Evening light has more long-wavelength light than light earlier in the day. This means:

color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light

subtractive color mixing

combining paints, the longest one gets shown

How the visual system knows if an object seen at Time 1 is the same object at Time 2 is known as the:

correspondence problem

the problem of determining which image in one eye matches the correct image in the other eye is known as the:

correspondence problem

monochromatic light

don't see them often light of a single wavelength

the perception of a physically absent but inferred edge, allowing us to compete the perception of a partially hidden object, is known as

edge completion

Role of Knowledge y: T:

edges carry meaning y-corner t-occlusion

Accidental viewpoints & features

ex: pushing the leaning wall of piza

object agnosia

failure to recognize objects

Francois is a passenger in a car moving at 65 mph down the highway. When Francois looks out the windows, nearby objects will appear to rush by him in the opposite direction, but objects farther way appear to move along with him. Which depth cue is this associated with?

motion parallax

"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

gestalt

which school of psychology is associated with the following statement: "The perception that emerges from a physical scene may not be directly predicted by the sensory components that it is composed of, but emerges when we integrate the components into a whole"

gestalt psychology

imagine being in a room being uniquely lit by "perfect red" bulbs, which emit only one very specific red wavelength that corresponds to the perfect red hue. In this scene which of the following objects will appear the darkest:

green pepper

occlusion

happens when one object partially hides or obstructs the view of a second object

Roger has blond hair but his sister Ella has red hair. both kids have the same shade of blue eyes but roger's eyes are a icy blue and have less color than Ella's which are true blue. The difference in hair color reflects a difference in the ______ of the colors. The eye-color difference reflects a difference in the _____ of the colors.

hue; saturation

figure-ground organization

identifying a figure from the background -the experience viewers have as to which part of an image is in the background of a scene

waterfall effect

if you stare at a waterfall and then turn away, the scenery you are now looking at will seem to move upward (opposite)

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

inability to recognize faces

prospoagnosia

inability to recognize faces

saturation

intensity of color -how intense?

deletion

is the gradual occlusion of a moving object as it passes behind another

accretion

is the gradual reappearance of a moving object as it emerges from behind another object.

affordance

is the information in the visual world that specifies how that information can be used

horopter

is the region in space where the two images from an object fall on corresponding locations on the two retinae. -an imaginary circle in the space around us (it is not on the retinas). The horopter is defined by the POINT OF FIXATION

Cortical achromatopsia

loss of color vision bc of damage to occipital lobe

heterochromatic light

many wavelengths -*ex: sunlight flourescent

additive color mixing

mixing lights

light source

monochromatic light source, yellow light

akinetopsia

motion blindness

cone monochromacy

no color vision (bc it's not present in fovea) 1 type of s-cone and rods

Eleanor rosh

no cultural variations

relative height

objects closer to the horizon are seen as more distant

atmospheric perspective

objects in the distance appear blurred and tinged w blue

law of proximity

objects near each other tend to be grouped together -spatial proximities

if you stare at a bright incandescent light bulb for even a short time and then close your eyes, you will continue to see an afterimage of that light bulb for a relatively brief period of time. But you will notice that although the light bulb has a yellowish hue, your afterimage will appear somewhat blue. This supports which theory of color vision?

opponent theory color of vision

the process by which multiple objects in the environment are grouped, allowing us to identify multiple objects in complex scenes, known as:

perceptual organization

Information about depth that can be inferred from a static picture is known as:

pictorial cues

medial intraparietal area (MIP)

planning action and executing

an experiment in which small lights are attached to the body of a person or an animal which is then filmed moving in an otherwise completely dark environment is known as:

point-light walker display

dichromacy

ppl have 2 types of cones -can see some colors but not all colors of rainbow

accomodation

process of adjusting the lens of the eye so that one can see both near and far objects

FFA (fusiform face area)

responds to faces -helps put an identity on a face

Occipital Face Area (OFA)

responds to faces more than objects but does not process facial identity

diplopia

results from the images of an object having too much disparity to lead to fusion

corresponding points on retina

reverence in your eye is always the fovea

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

scene recognition -temporal lobe

apparent motion

sequence of still images

rod monochromacy

severe color deficiency=NO COLOR -they only have rods and no cones -suffer univariance and can suffer acuity problems

law of similarity

similar things appear to be grouped together

pointillism

small dots of paint -from a distance, colors blend together (but aren't really mixed)

the sense of depth we perceive from the visual system's processing of the comparison of the 2 different images from each retina is known as:

stereopsis

Binocular suppression

suppression of one of the two eye-images. (invisible nose) Close one eye and you see your nose When both eyes are open, the fields get integrated together

what 3 gestalt rules affect figure ground organizations?

symmetry convexity (convex or concave bands)

texture gradients

textures become finer as they recede in distance

visual angle

the angle of an object relative to one's eyes

moon illusion

the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky

relative size

the more distant an object, the smaller the image will be on the retina

sub illumination (pic of legs that's shiny)

the more you think and look at the lines the shine goes away

optic flow

the motion depth cue that refers to the relative motions of objects as a person moves forward and backward

corollary discharge theory

the motor systems tells the eyes to move and send copy to the brain

size constancy is:

the perception of an object as having a fixed size, despite the change in the size of the visual angle that accompanies changes in distance

univariance

the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system

Panum's area of fusion

the region of small disparity around the horopter where the two images can be fused into a single perception.

stereopisis

the sense of depth that we perceive from the visual system's processing of the comparison of the two different images from each retina.

opponent theory of color perception

the theory that color perception arises from three opponent mechanisms, for red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

extrastriate body area (EBA)

this is activated by pictures of body parts, but not by faces or other objects. -temporal cortex

the color of any light is determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae is known as:

trichromatic theory of color vision

T/F: previous knowledge and experience w objects forever changes the way we perceive and identify those objects

true

double disassociation....

u can have a patient w object agnosia

the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system, is known as:

uvariance

viewpoint invariance

vantage points doesn't matter

anterior intraparietal area (AIP)

visual control of grasping

familiar size

we judge distance based on existing knowledge of the sizes of objects

recognition by components

we recognize an object by the relation of its geons

gradient of flow

what's in the center isn't moving. -lights near u move quickly (in tunnel vision)

correspondence problem

which image in one eye matches the correct image in the other eye

are angles meaningful? Y/N?

yes

points along horopter have

zero disparity (retinal images fall along correspondence points)