Exam 3 Sensation and Perception
Synthesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")
metqmeric matching
diff wavelengths produce the same color experiences
the storage and/or reconstruction of information in memory when that information is not in use is known as:
representation
hue (quality)
rainbow -color
saccades
rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another
lightness
refers to how much light is reflecting off of a surface
saccadic suppresion
refers to strong reduction in visual processing during the execution of a saccade
crossed disparity
refers to the direction of disparity for objects in front of the horopter (the image in the left eye is to the right of the image of the object in the right eye).
uncrossed disparity
refers to the direction of disparity for objects that are behind the horopter (the image of the object in the left eye is to the left of the image of the object of the right eye).
Brightness
refers to the intensity of light in the surrounding area
Point-by-point comparison
"average or ideal" representation
cap grass syndrome
"label" recognition intact but "emotional" recognition missing ex: husband sees wife but there's no emotional aspect by seeing her
topographic agnosia
-CANT RECOGNIZE SPATIAL LANDSCAPES - a person is unable to recognize spatial layouts such as buildings, streets, landscapes, and so on
trichromatic theory
3 cone systems in our retinae
Müller-Lyer illusion
A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward.
ponzo illusion
An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.
shadows and shading
An object in front of its shadow, and the angle of the shadow can provide some information about how far the object is in front of the background.
optic flow
As we move, the objects present in the environment start moving on our retinas. We call this motion on the retina:
cone-opponent cell are where?
LGN
what's the movement area of the brain? (V5)
MT
MT or V5 is in the area:
Occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception
Qurioga et al. (2005) were able to examine single-cell recordings of human beings prior to brain surgery. They found that:
Specific cells in the medial temporal lobe to be specific to individual people.
Accommodation is considered an oculomotor cue to depth TRUE OR FALS
TRUE
T/F Humas have field view of 190 degrees
TRUE
focus of expansion (when moving forward)
The only point that is not moving is the point we are fixating. (e.g., driving on the highway), all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The focus of expansion is one aspect of optic flow.
size constancy
The perception of an object as having a fixed size, despite the change in the size of the visual angle that accompanies the change in distance.
linear perspective
The pictorial depth cue that arises from the fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance
color-opponent cells are located where?
V1
after we have watched the falling of the water in a waterfall for about a minute, if we look at a blank surface, such as a white wall:
We will get a sense of motion going upward, that is, in the opposite direction of the falling water.
spectral reflectance
What's absorbed and reflected by a surface -what you see is what's bouncing back to you and the rest is reflected
motion parallax
a cue arises from the motion of a person in the environment. Faster moving objects are closer to us; slower moving objects are farther away
top-down processing
a process whereby our existing knowledge of object influences how we perceive them
bottom up processing is:
a process whereby physical stimuli influence how we perceive them
recognition
ability to match a presented item with an item in memory
constancy
ability to perceive an object as the same object under diff conditions
color constancy
ability to perceive the color of an object despite changes in illumination
what's the difference between additive and subtractive color mixing?
additive color mixing is what happens when we mix lights of different colors, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints and other colored materials
a light of 485 nm is presented to a person's visual system. What best describes what happens next?
all 3 cone systems will respond at varying strengths. Color is perceived from the mix of those responses.
achromatic lightness
amount of light reflected by surface -white, gray, black -the left color will reflect more light
the appearance of real motion from a sequence of still images is known as:
apparent motion
geons
basic units of objects
grapheme is the most common & what kind of synthesia does it have?
color
double-opponent cells sharpen what?
color boundaries
the distraction of wavelengths in sunlight changes across the day. Evening light has more long-wavelength light than light earlier in the day. This means:
color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light
subtractive color mixing
combining paints, the longest one gets shown
How the visual system knows if an object seen at Time 1 is the same object at Time 2 is known as the:
correspondence problem
the problem of determining which image in one eye matches the correct image in the other eye is known as the:
correspondence problem
monochromatic light
don't see them often light of a single wavelength
the perception of a physically absent but inferred edge, allowing us to compete the perception of a partially hidden object, is known as
edge completion
Role of Knowledge y: T:
edges carry meaning y-corner t-occlusion
Accidental viewpoints & features
ex: pushing the leaning wall of piza
object agnosia
failure to recognize objects
Francois is a passenger in a car moving at 65 mph down the highway. When Francois looks out the windows, nearby objects will appear to rush by him in the opposite direction, but objects farther way appear to move along with him. Which depth cue is this associated with?
motion parallax
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
gestalt
which school of psychology is associated with the following statement: "The perception that emerges from a physical scene may not be directly predicted by the sensory components that it is composed of, but emerges when we integrate the components into a whole"
gestalt psychology
imagine being in a room being uniquely lit by "perfect red" bulbs, which emit only one very specific red wavelength that corresponds to the perfect red hue. In this scene which of the following objects will appear the darkest:
green pepper
occlusion
happens when one object partially hides or obstructs the view of a second object
Roger has blond hair but his sister Ella has red hair. both kids have the same shade of blue eyes but roger's eyes are a icy blue and have less color than Ella's which are true blue. The difference in hair color reflects a difference in the ______ of the colors. The eye-color difference reflects a difference in the _____ of the colors.
hue; saturation
figure-ground organization
identifying a figure from the background -the experience viewers have as to which part of an image is in the background of a scene
waterfall effect
if you stare at a waterfall and then turn away, the scenery you are now looking at will seem to move upward (opposite)
Prosopagnosia (face blindness)
inability to recognize faces
prospoagnosia
inability to recognize faces
saturation
intensity of color -how intense?
deletion
is the gradual occlusion of a moving object as it passes behind another
accretion
is the gradual reappearance of a moving object as it emerges from behind another object.
affordance
is the information in the visual world that specifies how that information can be used
horopter
is the region in space where the two images from an object fall on corresponding locations on the two retinae. -an imaginary circle in the space around us (it is not on the retinas). The horopter is defined by the POINT OF FIXATION
Cortical achromatopsia
loss of color vision bc of damage to occipital lobe
heterochromatic light
many wavelengths -*ex: sunlight flourescent
additive color mixing
mixing lights
light source
monochromatic light source, yellow light
akinetopsia
motion blindness
cone monochromacy
no color vision (bc it's not present in fovea) 1 type of s-cone and rods
Eleanor rosh
no cultural variations
relative height
objects closer to the horizon are seen as more distant
atmospheric perspective
objects in the distance appear blurred and tinged w blue
law of proximity
objects near each other tend to be grouped together -spatial proximities
if you stare at a bright incandescent light bulb for even a short time and then close your eyes, you will continue to see an afterimage of that light bulb for a relatively brief period of time. But you will notice that although the light bulb has a yellowish hue, your afterimage will appear somewhat blue. This supports which theory of color vision?
opponent theory color of vision
the process by which multiple objects in the environment are grouped, allowing us to identify multiple objects in complex scenes, known as:
perceptual organization
Information about depth that can be inferred from a static picture is known as:
pictorial cues
medial intraparietal area (MIP)
planning action and executing
an experiment in which small lights are attached to the body of a person or an animal which is then filmed moving in an otherwise completely dark environment is known as:
point-light walker display
dichromacy
ppl have 2 types of cones -can see some colors but not all colors of rainbow
accomodation
process of adjusting the lens of the eye so that one can see both near and far objects
FFA (fusiform face area)
responds to faces -helps put an identity on a face
Occipital Face Area (OFA)
responds to faces more than objects but does not process facial identity
diplopia
results from the images of an object having too much disparity to lead to fusion
corresponding points on retina
reverence in your eye is always the fovea
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
scene recognition -temporal lobe
apparent motion
sequence of still images
rod monochromacy
severe color deficiency=NO COLOR -they only have rods and no cones -suffer univariance and can suffer acuity problems
law of similarity
similar things appear to be grouped together
pointillism
small dots of paint -from a distance, colors blend together (but aren't really mixed)
the sense of depth we perceive from the visual system's processing of the comparison of the 2 different images from each retina is known as:
stereopsis
Binocular suppression
suppression of one of the two eye-images. (invisible nose) Close one eye and you see your nose When both eyes are open, the fields get integrated together
what 3 gestalt rules affect figure ground organizations?
symmetry convexity (convex or concave bands)
texture gradients
textures become finer as they recede in distance
visual angle
the angle of an object relative to one's eyes
moon illusion
the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky
relative size
the more distant an object, the smaller the image will be on the retina
sub illumination (pic of legs that's shiny)
the more you think and look at the lines the shine goes away
optic flow
the motion depth cue that refers to the relative motions of objects as a person moves forward and backward
corollary discharge theory
the motor systems tells the eyes to move and send copy to the brain
size constancy is:
the perception of an object as having a fixed size, despite the change in the size of the visual angle that accompanies changes in distance
univariance
the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system
Panum's area of fusion
the region of small disparity around the horopter where the two images can be fused into a single perception.
stereopisis
the sense of depth that we perceive from the visual system's processing of the comparison of the two different images from each retina.
opponent theory of color perception
the theory that color perception arises from three opponent mechanisms, for red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white
extrastriate body area (EBA)
this is activated by pictures of body parts, but not by faces or other objects. -temporal cortex
the color of any light is determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae is known as:
trichromatic theory of color vision
T/F: previous knowledge and experience w objects forever changes the way we perceive and identify those objects
true
double disassociation....
u can have a patient w object agnosia
the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system, is known as:
uvariance
viewpoint invariance
vantage points doesn't matter
anterior intraparietal area (AIP)
visual control of grasping
familiar size
we judge distance based on existing knowledge of the sizes of objects
recognition by components
we recognize an object by the relation of its geons
gradient of flow
what's in the center isn't moving. -lights near u move quickly (in tunnel vision)
correspondence problem
which image in one eye matches the correct image in the other eye
are angles meaningful? Y/N?
yes
points along horopter have
zero disparity (retinal images fall along correspondence points)
