Ch. 10 Abnormalities of White Cells: Quantitative, Qualitative, and the Lipid Storage Diseases

Alder-Reilly anomaly is _____________

A rare genetic disorder

Disease that is mostly associated with mucopolysaccharidosis is....

Alder Reilly Anomaly

What condition has coarse , dark granules in neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

Alder-Reilly anomaly

Conditions with increased monocytes:

Chronic infections like tuberculosis Malignancies Leukemia's with a strong monocytic component Bone marrow failure

Chemicals such as sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid should be labeled what?

Corrosive

Dohle bodies

Cytoplasmic inclusion composed of ribosomal RNA Rod-shaped pale blueish-gray structure Near the cytoplasmic membrane

Most common lipoid storage diseases:

Gauchers Tay-Sachs Niemann-Pick

Wrinkled cytoplasm due to an accumulation of glucocerebroside.

Gauchers-cell

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is characterized by....

Giant gray-green cytoplasmic granules Lymphocytes and monocytes show a single red granule in the cytoplasm Hepatoslpenomegaly and liver failure may develop Abnormal bleeding time

What is is the normal percentage of segmented neutrophils in a normal adult?

Normal adult is 50%-70%

What is the the normal percentage range of lymph's in an adult with a viral infection?

Normal adult: 20%-40%

What is normal percentage range of eosinophils in an adult with an allergy?

Normal range is 0-5%

What does toxic vacuolization occur from?

Occurs from: Prolonged exposure of blood to drugs such as sulfonamides Smears held for a long periods of time Delayed creation of smear— pseudo vacuolization

Proteins such as antibody and complement that aid phagocytosis of micro-organisms are called?

Opsonins

Cell line increase is designated by ______ or ________

Osis; philia

What disorder is associated with hyposegmentation?

Pelger-Huet anomaly

Cell line decrease is designated by ________

Penia

What does Leukoerythroblastic picture look like on a peripheral blood smear?

Peripheral smear contains immature white cells, nRBCs, and platelet abnormalities

_____________ is the process of ingesting, digesting, and killing bacteria.

Phagocytosis

What cell change produces a falsely low platelet count?

Platelet Satellitism

A good way to monitor precision is by doing this?

Run duplicate assays

A higher percentage of ___________________ ______________ (______% or above) is associated with a bacterial infection.

Segmented neutrophils; 70%

Qualitative changes of the white cells take place in either _____________ or the ___________

The cytoplasm; nucleus

An adult with a _________ infection would have a higher percentage of ____________.

Viral; lymph's

What does Leukocytosis mean?

White cell increase has occurred

On a _________________ blood smear small pale blue inclusions are noted in neutrophils, these inclusions are?

Wright-stained; the inclusions are Dohle Bodies

One of the most significant findings in neutropenia is when absolute neutrophil count is _________________

2.0 x 10^9/L

In true Pelger-Huet anomaly, almost ___________ of the neutrophils will show hyposegmentation

70-95%

A lymph B-cell produces what?

Antibodies

Life span of a neutrophil is about.....

10 hours

Human ehrlichiosis

Group of tick-borne diseases that show a notable white cell inclusion

Needed for defense against foreign antigens

Leukocytes

Neutropenia =

Low neutrophil count

Hypersegmentation contains

More than 5 lobes (normal is 3-5)

Beginning of neutrophilic differentiation begins at this stage.

Myelocyte

The most mature cell that can undergo mitosis

Myelocyte

Conditions with increased basophils:

Myeloproliferative Disorders Hypersensitivity Reactions Ulcerative Colitis

_____________ is an absolute decrease in the concentration of neutrophils in circulation

Neutropenia

Can also be called a PMN, segmented neutrophil, or polymorphonuclear neutrophil

Neutrophil

Large vacuoles are usually a sign of ______________

Serious infection

What represents an increase in immature cell types such as metamyelocytes, myelocytes, and promyelocytes?

Shift to the left

Conditions with increased eosinophils:

Skin Disease Parasitic Disease Transplant rejection (2) Myeloproliferative Disorders

Toxic changes in white cells usually occur due to ________________

Stress during maturation

May-Hegglin anomaly is associated with........

Thrombocytopenia Giant platelets

What causes Platelet Satellitism?

When a patients blood reacts with EDTA, causing platelets to form a ring around neutrophils

Insect vector for malaria is?

Anopheles mosquito

A patient with granulocytic leukemoid reaction is associated with ______________

Bacterial Septicemia

Colorless cytoplasm with large purplish-black granules, least often seen wbc seen on a normal blood smear. Involves immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Basophil

What does left shift mean?

Bone marrow is responding to the increased white count by sending out younger cells

Toxic vacuolization

Changes in segmented neutrophils Vacuoles appear in the cytoplasm of this cell and may be small or large

Rare autosomal disorder of neutrophilic granules

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Most diagnostic information obtained from a CBC is the?

Differential smear

May be seen in nonpathological conditions such as pregnancy

Dohle bodies

An anticoagulant that acts by removal of Ca by chelation

EDTA

Toxic granulation is a response to.....

Enhanced lysosome enzyme production

Colorless cytoplasm with large red refractile granules.

Eosinophil

This WBC is increased in _____________ infections.

Eosinophil, parasitic infections

Parasitic infections and allergies often cause what?

Eosinophilia

An adult with allergy would have a higher percentage of _____________; above _______% and higher

Eosinophils; 5%

Infectious Mononucleosis is caused by _______________ virus which infects _____________

Epstein-Barr virus; B lymphocytes

What does Leukemoid reaction represent?

Exaggerated response to infections and inflammation in which baseline leukocyte count may be 20-50 x 10^9/L Cells in peripheral smear are slightly immature but no blasts

Toxic granulation

Excessive granulation Vivid blue-black coloration Clusters of toxic granules appear in neutrophils

Hypersegmentation is usually seen in megaloblastic processes such as

Folic acid Pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency

What does the presence of bacteria in peripheral smear represent?

Indicates bacteremia or sepsis Bacteria may be seen intracellulary or extracellularly

Conditions with increased neutrophils:

Infections Inflammatory Response Stress Response Malignancies

What is the most common disease showing variation in lymphocytes is ___________

Infectious mononucleosis

Four terms used to describe WBC conditions

Leukocytosis Left Shift Leukemoid Reaction Leukoerythroblastic Picture

There is no cure for the __________- __________ diseases

Lipid storage

What is the effect of HIV/AIDS on hematology parameters?

Lymphocytes show reactive changes such as extremely basophilic cytoplasm or possibly clefting and vacuolization

Normal for young children (aged 1-4) to have relative ___________

Lymphocytosis

In the adult, lymphocytes are principally produced in the?

Lymphoid tissue

What disorder is described by larger Dohle bodies found in cytoplasm of neutrophils

May-Hegglin anomaly

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Member of the herpes family Can be transmitted to infants

The immediate precursor of the band polymorphonuclear neutrophil is the?

Metamyelocyte

In lipid storage diseases strategic metabolic enzyme is......

Missing or inactive as a result of a single gene deletion

What has five or more nuclear segments

hypersegmentation

Anemia =

low RBC count

Thrombocytopenia =

low platelet count