Ch. 10 Abnormalities of White Cells: Quantitative, Qualitative, and the Lipid Storage Diseases
Alder-Reilly anomaly is _____________
A rare genetic disorder
Disease that is mostly associated with mucopolysaccharidosis is....
Alder Reilly Anomaly
What condition has coarse , dark granules in neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Alder-Reilly anomaly
Conditions with increased monocytes:
Chronic infections like tuberculosis Malignancies Leukemia's with a strong monocytic component Bone marrow failure
Chemicals such as sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid should be labeled what?
Corrosive
Dohle bodies
Cytoplasmic inclusion composed of ribosomal RNA Rod-shaped pale blueish-gray structure Near the cytoplasmic membrane
Most common lipoid storage diseases:
Gauchers Tay-Sachs Niemann-Pick
Wrinkled cytoplasm due to an accumulation of glucocerebroside.
Gauchers-cell
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is characterized by....
Giant gray-green cytoplasmic granules Lymphocytes and monocytes show a single red granule in the cytoplasm Hepatoslpenomegaly and liver failure may develop Abnormal bleeding time
What is is the normal percentage of segmented neutrophils in a normal adult?
Normal adult is 50%-70%
What is the the normal percentage range of lymph's in an adult with a viral infection?
Normal adult: 20%-40%
What is normal percentage range of eosinophils in an adult with an allergy?
Normal range is 0-5%
What does toxic vacuolization occur from?
Occurs from: Prolonged exposure of blood to drugs such as sulfonamides Smears held for a long periods of time Delayed creation of smear— pseudo vacuolization
Proteins such as antibody and complement that aid phagocytosis of micro-organisms are called?
Opsonins
Cell line increase is designated by ______ or ________
Osis; philia
What disorder is associated with hyposegmentation?
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Cell line decrease is designated by ________
Penia
What does Leukoerythroblastic picture look like on a peripheral blood smear?
Peripheral smear contains immature white cells, nRBCs, and platelet abnormalities
_____________ is the process of ingesting, digesting, and killing bacteria.
Phagocytosis
What cell change produces a falsely low platelet count?
Platelet Satellitism
A good way to monitor precision is by doing this?
Run duplicate assays
A higher percentage of ___________________ ______________ (______% or above) is associated with a bacterial infection.
Segmented neutrophils; 70%
Qualitative changes of the white cells take place in either _____________ or the ___________
The cytoplasm; nucleus
An adult with a _________ infection would have a higher percentage of ____________.
Viral; lymph's
What does Leukocytosis mean?
White cell increase has occurred
On a _________________ blood smear small pale blue inclusions are noted in neutrophils, these inclusions are?
Wright-stained; the inclusions are Dohle Bodies
One of the most significant findings in neutropenia is when absolute neutrophil count is _________________
2.0 x 10^9/L
In true Pelger-Huet anomaly, almost ___________ of the neutrophils will show hyposegmentation
70-95%
A lymph B-cell produces what?
Antibodies
Life span of a neutrophil is about.....
10 hours
Human ehrlichiosis
Group of tick-borne diseases that show a notable white cell inclusion
Needed for defense against foreign antigens
Leukocytes
Neutropenia =
Low neutrophil count
Hypersegmentation contains
More than 5 lobes (normal is 3-5)
Beginning of neutrophilic differentiation begins at this stage.
Myelocyte
The most mature cell that can undergo mitosis
Myelocyte
Conditions with increased basophils:
Myeloproliferative Disorders Hypersensitivity Reactions Ulcerative Colitis
_____________ is an absolute decrease in the concentration of neutrophils in circulation
Neutropenia
Can also be called a PMN, segmented neutrophil, or polymorphonuclear neutrophil
Neutrophil
Large vacuoles are usually a sign of ______________
Serious infection
What represents an increase in immature cell types such as metamyelocytes, myelocytes, and promyelocytes?
Shift to the left
Conditions with increased eosinophils:
Skin Disease Parasitic Disease Transplant rejection (2) Myeloproliferative Disorders
Toxic changes in white cells usually occur due to ________________
Stress during maturation
May-Hegglin anomaly is associated with........
Thrombocytopenia Giant platelets
What causes Platelet Satellitism?
When a patients blood reacts with EDTA, causing platelets to form a ring around neutrophils
Insect vector for malaria is?
Anopheles mosquito
A patient with granulocytic leukemoid reaction is associated with ______________
Bacterial Septicemia
Colorless cytoplasm with large purplish-black granules, least often seen wbc seen on a normal blood smear. Involves immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Basophil
What does left shift mean?
Bone marrow is responding to the increased white count by sending out younger cells
Toxic vacuolization
Changes in segmented neutrophils Vacuoles appear in the cytoplasm of this cell and may be small or large
Rare autosomal disorder of neutrophilic granules
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Most diagnostic information obtained from a CBC is the?
Differential smear
May be seen in nonpathological conditions such as pregnancy
Dohle bodies
An anticoagulant that acts by removal of Ca by chelation
EDTA
Toxic granulation is a response to.....
Enhanced lysosome enzyme production
Colorless cytoplasm with large red refractile granules.
Eosinophil
This WBC is increased in _____________ infections.
Eosinophil, parasitic infections
Parasitic infections and allergies often cause what?
Eosinophilia
An adult with allergy would have a higher percentage of _____________; above _______% and higher
Eosinophils; 5%
Infectious Mononucleosis is caused by _______________ virus which infects _____________
Epstein-Barr virus; B lymphocytes
What does Leukemoid reaction represent?
Exaggerated response to infections and inflammation in which baseline leukocyte count may be 20-50 x 10^9/L Cells in peripheral smear are slightly immature but no blasts
Toxic granulation
Excessive granulation Vivid blue-black coloration Clusters of toxic granules appear in neutrophils
Hypersegmentation is usually seen in megaloblastic processes such as
Folic acid Pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency
What does the presence of bacteria in peripheral smear represent?
Indicates bacteremia or sepsis Bacteria may be seen intracellulary or extracellularly
Conditions with increased neutrophils:
Infections Inflammatory Response Stress Response Malignancies
What is the most common disease showing variation in lymphocytes is ___________
Infectious mononucleosis
Four terms used to describe WBC conditions
Leukocytosis Left Shift Leukemoid Reaction Leukoerythroblastic Picture
There is no cure for the __________- __________ diseases
Lipid storage
What is the effect of HIV/AIDS on hematology parameters?
Lymphocytes show reactive changes such as extremely basophilic cytoplasm or possibly clefting and vacuolization
Normal for young children (aged 1-4) to have relative ___________
Lymphocytosis
In the adult, lymphocytes are principally produced in the?
Lymphoid tissue
What disorder is described by larger Dohle bodies found in cytoplasm of neutrophils
May-Hegglin anomaly
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Member of the herpes family Can be transmitted to infants
The immediate precursor of the band polymorphonuclear neutrophil is the?
Metamyelocyte
In lipid storage diseases strategic metabolic enzyme is......
Missing or inactive as a result of a single gene deletion
What has five or more nuclear segments
hypersegmentation
Anemia =
low RBC count
Thrombocytopenia =
low platelet count