Ch. 10 Sensory Physiology

Match the stimulus example to the type of sensory receptor. 1. Chemoreceptor 2. Photoreceptor 3. Mechanoreceptor 4. Nociceptor 5. Thermoreceptor

1. Carbon dioxide 2. Green traffic light 3. Touch of a feather 4. A burn on the skin 5. An open oven

Match each of the options above to the items below. 1. Hydrogen ions 2. Multiple ligand binding sites 3. Most sensitive taste 4. L-glutamate 5. Sodium ions

1. Sour 2. Sweet 3. Bitter 4. Umami 5. Salty

1. Fovea centralis 2. Cones 3. Periphery 4. Center 5. Multiple 6. One

1. The center of retina is a pit called the ______ 2. The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ____ 3. In low light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ______ of the eye 4. In bright light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ______ of the eye. 5. A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ______ rod(s). 6. Each cone synapses with ______ ganglion cell(s)

Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasm? Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas Axons of ganglion cells from temporal halves of both retinas Axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the right eye Axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the left eye

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

G-proteins serve as second messengers for which taste categories? Check all that apply. Sour Sweet Bitter Umami Salty

Bitter Umami

Which of the following is not a cause of conduction deafness? Accumulation of cerumen in the outer ear Damage to hair cells in the spiral organ Infection of the middle ear Inflammation of the tympanic membrane

Damage to hair cells in the spiral organ

Choose the correct comparison between rods and cones. Rods are more numerous than cones in the fovea centralis. The loss of cones, rather than the loss of rods, will affect peripheral vision. Many cones converge on a single bipolar cell, whereas rods show less convergence. Damage to rods will make driving at night more difficult than damage to cones.

Damage to rods will make driving at night more difficult than damage to cones.

Choose the statements that correctly describe the sensation of taste. Each gustatory cell responds to only one taste category. Each taste bud responds to only one taste category. Each region of the tongue responds to only one taste category There are overlapping regions of taste on the tongue. Each gustatory cell is capable of sensing each taste category.

Each gustatory cell responds to only one taste category. There are overlapping regions of taste on the tongue.

What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve? Glutamate Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine

Glutamate

If damage to the otolith organs occurred, a patient may have difficulty sensing which motions? (Check all that apply) Spinning around 10 timesSpinning around 10 times Going from the 10th to 1st floor on an elevatorGoing from the 10th to 1st floor on an elevator Increasing speed while riding in a carIncreasing speed while riding in a car Rolling down a hillRolling down a hill Coming to an abrupt stop on a train

Going from the 10th to 1st floor on an elevatorGoing from the 10th to 1st floor on an elevator Increasing speed while riding in a carIncreasing speed while riding in a car Coming to an abrupt stop on a train

Upon hearing a sound, which of the following is the last structure to vibrate? Basilar membrane Tympanic membrane Hair cells of spiral organ Oval window Stapes

Hair cells of spiral organ

Which of the following statements is false regarding the binaural localization of sound? It depends partly on the difference in the time of arrival of the sound waves at the two ears. It depends partly on the difference in the volume of the sound arriving at the two ears. It depends partly on the difference in the pitch of the sound arriving at the two ears. Humans can detect an interaural time difference as short as 10 microseconds.

It depends partly on the difference in the pitch of the sound arriving at the two ears.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the fovea centralis? It is surrounded by the macula lutea. It is a tiny pit in the retina. It is also known as the blind spot. The image is focused on the fovea when a person looks directly at an object.

It is also known as the blind spot.

What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? Na+ Ca2+ Cl- K+

K+

Regarding the somatosensory cortex, which of the following is incorrect? Cutaneous receptors project to this area. Motor commands to respond to cutaneous sensations are generated in this area. Large areas of it are devoted to the face, tongue, lips, and hands. Relatively small areas of it are devoted to the trunk, hips, and legs.

Motor commands to respond to cutaneous sensations are generated in this area.

Which of the following sensory modalities exhibits the least amount of sensory adaptation? Touch Smell Pain Warmth

Pain

Choose the characteristics of the vestibular apparatus. (Check all that apply) Provides a sense of equilibrium Is located in the inner ear Produces action potentials that travel along the VII cranial nerve Responds to pitch and tone of sound Transmits impulses along the vestibulocochlear nerve

Provides a sense of equilibrium Is located in the inner ear Transmits impulses along the vestibulocochlear nerve

On which area of the body would the two-point touch threshold test yield the shortest distance between perceived sensations? Skin of the sole of the foot Skin on the 2nd fingertip Skin on the medial superior thigh Skin on the posterior aspect of the neck

Skin on the 2nd fingertip

What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear? Incus Pinna Malleus Stapes

Stapes

Which of the following statements is false regarding vertigo? It can be produced by activation of the vestibular apparatus. It may be accompanied by nystagmus. It is another term for dizziness. Symptoms may be produced by activation the autonomic nervous system.

Symptoms may be produced by activation the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following statements are false concerning LASIK eye surgery? The corneal curve is flattened to improve accommodation for presbyopia. The corneal curve is reduced to reduce refraction for myopia. The corneal curve is increased to increase refraction for hyperopia. The corneal curve is made more spherical for astigmatism.

The corneal curve is flattened to improve accommodation for presbyopia.

Which statement describes myopia? The distance from the lens to the retina is too short. The image is brought to focus anterior to the retina. The object must be moved further away from the eyes to be seen clearly. The condition is corrected by glasses with convex lenses.

The image is brought to focus anterior to the retina.

Why would a patient experience ear pain and reduced hearing when they have a cold, and recently disembarked from an international flight? The long flight at a high altitude and their cold could have led to their eustachian tube being unable to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. The long flight at a high altitude and increased mucus from the cold, could have caused damage to the spiral organ. The increased pressure at the high altitude causes the tympanic membrane to bulge inward. The ossicles could have locked up due to the attenuation reflex from the higher than normal pressure at high altitudes for long periods of time.

The long flight at a high altitude and their cold could have led to their eustachian tube being unable to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

If blood supply to the eye were damaged or destroyed, which of the following structures may be compromised? (Check all that apply). The lens The cornea The retina The choroid

The retina The choroid

How many neurons are in the somatesthetic pathway from the skin to the postcentral gyrus? One Two Three Four

Three

Upon hearing a sound, which of the following is the first to vibrate? Basilar membrane Tympanic membrane Hair cells of spiral organ Oval window Cochlea

Tympanic membrane

A Rinne's test is performed on a subject. The subject reports hearing sound when the handle of the tuning fork is placed against the mastoid process, but fails to hear the sound when the tines are placed outside the pinna. The subject may have any of the following conditions EXCEPT ________. accumulation of cerumen otitis media tympanitis VIII cranial nerve damage

VIII cranial nerve damage

A pain arising from a visceral organ that is felt in a particular somatic position is __________. a referred pain an example of sensory adaptation a result of action potentials arising from the middle of an axon produced by stimulation of somatic nerves by visceral nerves

a referred pain

Hyperopia may be caused by __________. a long, oval eyeball an uneven cornea a short, rounded eyeball reduced lens flexibility

a short, rounded eyeball

The otolith organs __________. are involved in a sense of linear acceleration include the utricle include the saccule All of the choices are correct.

are involved in a sense of linear acceleration include the utricle include the saccule All of the choices are correct.

The function of outer hair cells near the center of the basilar membrane is to __________. magnify vibrations of soft sounds sharpen pitch perception dampen basilar membrane vibrations decrease basilar membrane displacement both magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception

both magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception

In macular degeneration, __________. rhodopsin dissociates into retinene and opsin clarity is lost in the central area of the visual focus rapid eye movements move the image onto the optic disc the fovea becomes the only part of the retina providing clear vision

clarity is lost in the central area of the visual focus

When reading a book, the ciliary muscle will __________, the suspensory ligament will __________, and the lens will become more __________. contract; tighten; rounded contract; loosen; rounded relax; tighten; flattened relax; loosen; flattened

contract; loosen; rounded

The clear covering of the eye that has a constant refractive power is the __________. lens sclera choroid cornea

cornea

Free nerve endings in the skin serve as receptors for all of the following sensations EXCEPT __________. light touch hot pain deep pressure

deep pressure

Hair cells located on the basilar membrane are stimulated by __________. different pitches of sound different intensities of sound different locations of sound different sources of sound

different pitches of sound

The cranial nerves that carry sensory information on taste to the brain include the __________. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves vagus and vestibulocochlear nerves olfactory and glossopharyngeal nerves facial and olfactory nerves

facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

The greatest area of the cerebral cortex is devoted to sensation arising from the __________. soles of the feet fingertips palms of the hands face

fingertips

The loudness of a sound is coded by the __________. amplitude of action potentials duration of action potentials frequency of action potentials location of action potentials

frequency of action potentials

Receptive fields that do not receive a strong stimulation will help sharpen the sensation by __________. lateral inhibition referred pain sensory adaptation tactile acuity

lateral inhibition

Sensations of heat, cold, and pain travel to the spinal cord, cross to the contralateral side, and ascend to the thalamus by way of the __________ tracts. anterior spinothalamic anterior corticospinal lateral spinothalamic medial lemniscus

lateral spinothalamic

Vision may be affected by a number of age-related changes. A disorder that may develop as a result of these changes, which directly affects the retina, is __________. presbyopia glaucoma macular degeneration cataracts

macular degeneration

A person with 20/200 vision on an eye exam has __________. presbyopia hyperopia myopia emmetropia

myopia

A patient undergoes an eye exam and is diagnosed with __________. A __________ lens would correct this disorder of refraction. presbyopia; concave myopia; concave hyperopia; convex astigmatism; convex

myopia; concave

Damage to the cochlea can result in __________. sensory deafness conduction deafness otosclerosis otitis media

sensory deafness

Cortical neurons that receive input from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus are __________ neurons. simple compound complex hypercomplex

simple

When __________ enter the microvilli of taste cells, depolarization occurs, producing a __________ taste sensation. glutamate; sour sodium ions; sweet hydrogen ions; bitter sodium ions; salty

sodium ions; salty

The foot plate is part of the __________. malleus incus tympanic membrane stapes

stapes

Dramamine and scopolamine taken for motion sickness. To treat this, these medications must act to __________. inhibit action potentials produced by the vestibular apparatus reduce the movements of endolymph in the semicircular canals suppress autonomic responses to the activation of the vestibular apparatus inhibit the responses of the eyes to the activation of the vestibular apparatus

suppress autonomic responses to the activation of the vestibular apparatus

The hair cells of the spiral organ project into the __________. round window oval window tectorial membrane basilar membrane

tectorial membrane

Damage to the postcentral gyrus of the central fissure may interfere with __________. voluntary motor functions the ability to understand spoken word the ability to feel the touch of a feather on the skin distinguishing red from green

the ability to feel the touch of a feather on the skin

In normal vision, when an object is brought closer to the eye, __________. the diopters of the eye's lens decreases the degree of convexity of the lens decreases the distance from the lens to the focused image remains changes the ciliary muscles of both eyes contract

the ciliary muscles of both eyes contract

People can localize sounds below 2000 Hz primarily by the difference in the __________. sound intensity arriving at the two ears time of arrival of the sound at each ear pitch of the sound at each ear duration of the sound reaching each ear

time of arrival of the sound at each ear

An illusion of movement or spinning is ________. nystagmus tinnitus Ménière's disease vertigo

vertigo

A patient diagnosed with myopia stands 20 feet away from the eye chart. Without corrective lenses, the images on the chart ________. will come into focus posterior the retina will come into focus anterior to the retina will be centered on the fovea centralis will be lateral to the retina

will come into focus anterior to the retina