Ch 10: Wireless, Mobile, Computing and Mobile Commerce

Mobile Commerce Applications

1. Location-Based Applications and Services 2. Financial Services 3. Intrabusiness Applications 4. Accessing Information 5. Telemetry Applications

Wireless Media Types

1. Microwave 2. Satellite 3. Radio 4. Infrared

3 factors preventing commercial wi-fi market from expanding

1. Roaming: At this time, users cannot roam from hotspot to hotspot if the hotspots use different Wi-Fi network services. Unless the service is free, users have to log on to separate accounts. 2. Security: the second barrier to greater acceptance of Wi-Fi because Wi-Fi uses radio waves, it is difficult to shield from intruders. 3. Cost: even though Wi-Fi services are relatively inexpensive, many experts question whether commercial Wi-Fi services can survive when so many free hotspots are available to users.

Wireless device advantages

1. Small enough to easily carry or wear 2. Sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks. 3. Can communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other devices.

Mobility and Broad Reach Create Five Value-added Attributes that Break the Barriers of Geography and Time:

1. Ubiquity 2. Convenience 3. Instant connectivity 4. Personalization 5. Localization of products and services

Mobile commerce development is driven by:

1. Widespread availability of mobile devices (more so in developing countries - Why?) 2. No need for a PC 3. The "Cell phone culture" 4. Declining prices 5. Bandwidth improvement

Medium Range Wireless Network Types

1. Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) 2. Wireless access point 3. Hotspot 4. Wireless Network Interface Card 5. Wireless Mesh Networks 6. Mi-Fi - personal mobile hotspot

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) WiFI Standards

802.11a: supports wireless bandwidth up to 54 Mbps; high cost; short range; difficulty penetrating walls. 802.11b: supports wireless bandwidth up to 11 Mbps; low cost; longer range. 802.11g: supports wireless bandwidth up to 54 Mbps; high cost; longer range. 802.11n: supports wireless bandwidth exceeding 600 Mbps; higher cost than 802.11g; longer range than 802.11g. 802.11ac: will support wireless bandwidth of 1.3 Gbps (1.3 billion bits per second); will provide the ability to fully support a "multimedia home" in which high-definition video can be streamed simultaneously to multiple devices. Essentially, you will be able to wirelessly network your TV, DVR, smartphone, and sound system for complete ondemand access through any Internet-enabled device. 802.11 ad: supports wireless bandwidth up to 7 Gbps; targeted to the "wireless office" as opposed to the "wireless home."

Wireless 911

911 emergency calls made with a wireless device

Wireless Broadband or WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the name for IEEE Standard 802.16 which has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles and a data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps. It is a secure system, and it offers features such as voice and video.

Pervasive Computing (or ubiquitous computing)

a computer environment where virtually ever object has processing power with wireless or weird connections to a global network

Wireless local area network (WLAN)

a computer network limited geographical area that uses wireless transmission for communication

Personal area network

a computer network used for communication among computer devices close to one person

Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

a high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 Mbps that can be used for applications such as streaming multimedia from, say, a personal computer to a tv

Dematerialization

a phenomenon that occurs when the functions of many physical devices are included in one other physical device. Consider that your smartphone includes the functions of digital cameras for images and video, and radios

Mobile Portal

a portal that aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users

Mobile Computing

a real-time connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet or an intranet

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

a set of standards for wireless local area networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard; medium range WLAN

Hotspot

a small geographical perimeter within which a wireless access point provides service to a number of users

Mobile Wallet (m-wallet)

a technology that allows users to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices

Infrared

a type of wireless transmission that uses red light not commonly visible to human eyes; Commonly used in remotes& short distances; Advantages= low-med bandwidth & only for short distances; Disadvantages= line of sight

Voice portal

a web site with an audio interface

Super Wi-Fi

a wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections which uses the lower-frequency "white spaces" between broadcast TV channels which enable the signal to travel further and penetrate walls better than normal Wi-Fi frequencies

Super Wi-Fi

a wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections which uses the lower-frequency "white spaces" between broadcast TV channels which enable the signal to travel further and penetrate walls better than normal Wi-Fi frequencies.

Satellite radio (or digital radio)

a wireless system that offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to your radio from satellites

Microwave Transmission

a wireless system that uses microwaves for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communications and is being replaced by satellite; Advantages= high bandwidth & inexpensive; Disadvantages= line of sight & sensitive to interference

Global positional system (GPS)

a wireless system that uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on earth; supported by 24 MEOs, constant broadcast, can find a user within 10 feet and used in vehicles, smartphones and emergency tracking

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

a wireless technology that allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals

Satellite Transmission

a wireless transmission system that uses satellites for broadcast communications; Advantages= high bandwidth & large coverage; Disadvantages= expensive, line of sight, propagation delay & security needs

Wireless access point

an antenna connecting a mobile device to a wired local area network

Propagation delay

any delay in communications from signal transmission time through a physical medium; One major limitation of GEO satellites is that their transmissions take a quarter of a second to send and return from the earth's surface.

Bluetooth 1.0

can link up to eight devices within a 10-meter area (about 30 feet) with a bandwidth of 700 kilobits per second (Kbps) using low-power, radio-based communication

Bluetooth 4.0

can transmit up to approximately 25 megabits per second (Mbps) up to 100 meters (roughly 300 feet).

First generation (1G)

cellular networks used analog signals and had low bandwidth (capacity); slow & analog

Bluetooth

chip technology that enables short-range connection (data and voice) between wireless devices; an industry specification used to create small personal area networks.

Mobile Commerce (m-commerce)

electronic commerce transactions that are conducted with a mobile device: something that changes its location over time

Wi-Fi Direct

enables peer-to-peer communications, so devices can connect directly allowing users to transfer content among devices without having to rely on a wireless antenna. It can connect pairs or groups of devices at Wi-Fi speeds of up to 250 Mbps and at distances of up to 800 feet.

5 G

expected to be deployed by 2020, 5G networks are predicted to be faster and more intelligent than previous generations of cellular networks. With 5G, wearable computers (e.g., Fitbit), smartphones, tablets, and other devices with sensors that are location- and context-aware will work together with apps and services that you use.

Short-Range Wireless Networks

have a range of 100 feet or less (e.g., Bluetooth, ultra-wideband (UWB), and near-field communications (NFC)).

Internet over Satellite (IoS):

internet via GEO, rural area coverage; drawbacks include expense, delays, sensitive to environmental disturbances

4 G

is not one defined technology or standard. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has specified speed requirements for 4G: 100 Mbps (million bits per second) for high-mobility communications such as cars and trains, and 1 Gbps (billion bits per second) for low-mobility communications such as pedestrians. A 4G system is expected to provide a secure all-IP-based mobile broadband system to all types of mobile devices; digital & holy moly fast!

Location-based commerce (l-commerce)

mobile commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times

Mesh networks

networks composed of multiple Wi-Fi access points that create a wide area network that can be quite large

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors placed in the physical environment

Wireless Mesh Networks

networks using multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide area network that can be quite large and are essentially a series of interconnected local area networks.

Cellular telephones (cell phones)

phones that provide two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs

Medium-earth-orbit (MEO)

satellite move relative to point on earth, moderate number needed for global coverage, requires medium powered transmitters, negligible transmission delay, less expansive to build and launch, moderate orbital life of 6-12 years. Orbit=6434 miles Number= 10-12 Use= GPS

Low-earth-orbit (LEO)

satellite moves rapidly relative to point on earth, large number needed for global coverage, requires only low-power transmitters, negligible transmission delay, least expensive to build and launch, shortest orbital life of about 5 years. Orbit= 400-700 miles Number= many Use= telephone

Geostationary-earth orbit (GEO)

satellite stationary relative to point on earth, few needed for global coverage, transmission delay of .25 seconds, most expensive type to build and launch, longest orbital life in years. Orbit= 22,300 miles Number= 8 Use=TV signal

MiFi

small portable wireless device that provides users with a permanent wifi hotspot wherever they go with a range of about 10 meters (roughly 30 feet).

Wireless

telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves carry the signal between communicating devices

Footprint

the area of Earth's surface reached by a satellite's transmission overcomes the limitations of microwave data relay stations. The higher a satellite orbits, the larger its footprint.

Medium-Range Wireless Networks

the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the most common type of Medium-Range network is wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi).

Near-Field Communications (NFC)

the smallest of the short-range wireless networks that is designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards

Line-of-sight

the transmitter and receiver are in view of each other

Telemetry

the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors

3 G

uses digital signals and can transmit voice and data up to 384 Kbps when the device is moving at a walking pace, 128 Kbps when it is moving in a car, and up to 2 Mbps when it is in a fixed location. It supports video, Web browsing, and instant messaging; Digital & fasterer

2.5 G

uses digital signals and provides voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps; digital & faster

2G

uses digital signals primarily for voice communication; it provides data communication up to 10 Kbps; digital & fast

Radio Transmission

uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers; Advantages= high bandwidth, signals pass through walls, inexpensive, high speed & easy to install; Disadvantages=creates electrical interference, degrades with distance & security needs

Micropayment

very small purchase amounts (generally less than $10) are called micropayments.