Ch. 10/11 - Nervous System MT
What are star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord?
Astrocytes
Cervical region
C1-C8
Which division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Central nervous system (CNS)
What are the short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron?
Dendrites
Lumbar region
L1-L5
At what level is a spinal tap performed to prevent damage to the spinal cord?
L3-L4
The three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord are the:
Meninges
The fatty substance that protects the axon is called:
Myelin sheath
What are the two main communication systems of the body?
Nervous and endocrine
Sacral region
S1-S5
The ear is responsible for hearing and equilibrium; the receptors for equilibrium are found in the:
Semicircular canals
Thoracic region
T1-T12
When performing a spinal tap, where must the needle be inserted to obtain CSF without damaging the spinal cord?
The subarachnoid space
What part of the nervous system interprets messages from all over the body, responds to the messages, and carries out activities?
brain
What are the four major parts of the brain?
brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
consists of the medulla oblongota, the pons varolii, and the midbrain
brainstem
Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in which nervous system?
central nervous system
This is the 2nd largest portion of the brain and deals with muscle tone, equilibrium, walking and dancing?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain controls body functions related to skeletal muscles?
cerebellum
makes up the bulk of the brain; gray matter; cerebral cortex
cerebrum
second layer of the wall of the eye; contains blood vessels and pigment cells
choroid
holds the lens of the eye in place
ciliary body
The snail-shaped structure in the inner ear where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses :
cochlea
Violent shaking or jarring to the brain by a severe blow can lead to a
concussion
What receptors of the eye are responsible for color vision?
cones
mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera
conjunctiva
transparent part of the outermost layer of the eye; permits light to enter the eye
cornea
bridge of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges in a process known as:
depolarization
The posterior part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland is the:
diencephalon
divided into two main areas, the hypothalamus and thalamus; also contains the optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, pituitary gland, mamillary bodies; and the pineal gland.
diencephalon
Parkinson's is thought to be caused by a decrease in :
dopamine
What part of the midbrain is a reflex center that controls movement of the head and eyeballs in response to visual stimuli and the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli?
dorsal tectum
Which root contains only sensory nerve fibers?
dorsal/posterior root
What is the tough outer layer of the meninges?
dura mater
external auditory meatus
ear canal
tympanic membrane
eardrum
Which neurons carry messages from the brain and spinal cord?
efferent
Motor neurons are also called
efferent neurons
An inflammation of the brain is known as:
encephalitis
The nervous system shares in the maintenance of homeostasis with the _________ system.
endocrine
What cells line the cavities of the central nervous system and produce cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal cells
Contains pineal body. Involved in olfactory senses
epithalamus
mixed nerve; controls facial expressions; conveys sensations of taste; parasympathetic controls tear and salivary glands
facial nerve (VII)
Which lobe of the brain is repsonsible for emotions, personality, morality, intellect, and speech?
frontal
Olfactory signals are transmitted to which lobe?
frontal lobe
What condition causes excessive intraocular pressure resulting in the destruction of the retina and atrophy of the optic nerve?
glaucoma
mixed nerve; controls swallowing and senses taste; parasympathetic controls salivary glands
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
folds in the brain
gyri
The gray matter in the spinal cord is found in the posterior, lateral, and anterior:
horns
Farsightedness
hyperopia
motor nerve; controls tongue movements and aids in speech and swallowing
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
What is considered the "brain" of the brain?
hypothalamus
related to homeostasis; controls autonomic nervous system; receives sensory info from internal organs; intermediary between nervous system and endocrine system; controls pituitary gland; controls rage/aggression; controls body temp; contains thirst center; maintains wake/sleep pattern
hypothalamus
Ear bone referred to as the anvil
incus
Tears are produced by which glands?
lacrimal
fissure that separates the right and left halves of the cerebral hemisphere
longitudinal fissure
Ear bone referred to as the hammer
malleus
Which portion of the brain contains the nuclei for vital life functions?
medulla oblongata
consists of ascending and descending tracts that connect the spinal cord and brain; reticular formation, which maintains consciousness and arousal; vasometer center, which regulates blood vessel diameter; cardiac center, which regulates force of contractions and heartbeat; medullary rhythmicity area which adjusts breathing rhythm,
medulla oblongata
Phagocytosis is performed by :
microglia cells
Small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes and cellular debris are called :
microglia cells
contains ventral cerebral peduncles, which convey impulses from cerebral cortex to pons/spinal cord; contains dorsal tectum, which controls eyeball movement and head movement in response to visual and auditory stimuli
midbrain (mesencephalon)
What part of the ear contains the auditory ossicles?
middle ear
The eustachian tube is a connection between what?
middle ear and pharynx
What is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve and cell axons?
multiple sclerosis
Neurons that have several dendrites and one axon are known as :
multipolar neurons
near sightedness
myopia
What is a bundle of nerve fibers located outside the central nervous system?
nerve
The type of nervous tissue that protects and supports the nerve is called "nerve glue" or :
neuroglia
Transmission of nerve impulses across synapses is brought about by the secretion of very low concentrations of chemicals called ________ , which move across the gap.
neurotransmitters
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?
occipital
motor nerve; controls the movements of the eyeball/upper eyelid; parasympathetic function constricts the pupil.
oculomotor nerve (III)
sensory nerve; smell
olfactory nerve (I)
Another name for the sense of smell is:
olfactory sense
The area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as the:
optic nerve
sensory nerve; vision
optic nerve (II)
Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found:
outside the CNS
Taste buds are the sensory structures found on certain:
papillae
Which lobe of the cerebrum receives and interprets pain, touch, heat, cold, and balance impulses?
parietal
The transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain is called the:
pia mater
secretes melatonin
pineal gland
bridge that connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other; helps control breathing
pons varolii
Which area of the spinal cord contains only sensory nerve fibers?
posterior/dorsal root
a condition that is a normal part of aging, commonly occurring during the 40s, and resulting in a decrease in the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision.
presbyopia
What can health care providers learn from analysis of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid?
presence of infection, presence of hemorrhage, elevation of CSF pressure
The opening in the eye for the passage of light is called the:
pupil
An involuntary reaction to an external stimulus is known as a:
reflex
What is the simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the central nervous system for immediate interpretation, and produce a response?
reflex arc
What is NOT a reason to perform a spinal tap?
removal of CSF for donation purposes
innermost layer of the eye
retina
Receptors of the eye that are responsible for low-light vision :
rods
outermost layer of the wall of the eye
sclera
The __________ nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle, thereby causing us to respond or react to changes in our external environment.
somatic
Carrying messages from the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation and the response from the brain to the muscles and glands is a major function of the:
spinal cord
Ear bone referred to as the stirrup
stapes
grooves in the brain
sulci
The ear is adapted to pick up sound waves and transmit them to the auditory center of the brain, located in which lobe?
temporal
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing?
temporal
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
thalamus
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations; fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy; rest and digest; helps body return to normal state
A synapse is :
the space between adjacent neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
mixed nerve; LARGEST of the cranial nerves; controls chewing; delivers impulses for touch/pain/temperature in the teeth and face; (3 branches: maxillary, mandibular, and ophthalmic)
trigeminal nerve (V)
motor nerve; superior oblique; controls movement of the eyeball (turns eye down and out); conveys impulses related to muscle sense; SMALLEST of the cranial nerves.
trochlear nerve (IV)
mixed nerve; controls movement of supplied organs; conveys sensation for supplied organs. (supplies: head, pharynx, bronchus, esophagus, liver, stomach)
vagus nerve (X)
sensory nerve; transmits impulses that deal with equilibrium and hearing
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
fluid in posterior compartment of the eye, located behind the lens
vitreous humor
motor nerve; lateral oblique; turns eye laterally/abduction.
abducens nerve (VI)
The myelin sheath __________ an impulse as it travels along the axon.
accelerates
motor nerve; originates from brainstem/spinal cord; helps control swallowing; controls shoulder movement, turning of the head, and voice production. (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles)
accessory nerve (X!)
What neurons carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord from external receptors?
afferent
fluid in anterior compartment of eye, located in front of lends
aqueous humor
The middle layer, or "spider layer," of the meninges is called:
arachnoid mater
external portion of the ear; outer ear
auricle
The extension of the neuron that carries the messages away from the nerve cell body is the:
axon