Ch. 10/11 - Nervous System MT

What are star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord?

Astrocytes

Cervical region

C1-C8

Which division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Central nervous system (CNS)

What are the short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron?

Dendrites

Lumbar region

L1-L5

At what level is a spinal tap performed to prevent damage to the spinal cord?

L3-L4

The three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord are the:

Meninges

The fatty substance that protects the axon is called:

Myelin sheath

What are the two main communication systems of the body?

Nervous and endocrine

Sacral region

S1-S5

The ear is responsible for hearing and equilibrium; the receptors for equilibrium are found in the:

Semicircular canals

Thoracic region

T1-T12

When performing a spinal tap, where must the needle be inserted to obtain CSF without damaging the spinal cord?

The subarachnoid space

What part of the nervous system interprets messages from all over the body, responds to the messages, and carries out activities?

brain

What are the four major parts of the brain?

brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

consists of the medulla oblongota, the pons varolii, and the midbrain

brainstem

Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in which nervous system?

central nervous system

This is the 2nd largest portion of the brain and deals with muscle tone, equilibrium, walking and dancing?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain controls body functions related to skeletal muscles?

cerebellum

makes up the bulk of the brain; gray matter; cerebral cortex

cerebrum

second layer of the wall of the eye; contains blood vessels and pigment cells

choroid

holds the lens of the eye in place

ciliary body

The snail-shaped structure in the inner ear where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses :

cochlea

Violent shaking or jarring to the brain by a severe blow can lead to a

concussion

What receptors of the eye are responsible for color vision?

cones

mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera

conjunctiva

transparent part of the outermost layer of the eye; permits light to enter the eye

cornea

bridge of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges in a process known as:

depolarization

The posterior part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland is the:

diencephalon

divided into two main areas, the hypothalamus and thalamus; also contains the optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, pituitary gland, mamillary bodies; and the pineal gland.

diencephalon

Parkinson's is thought to be caused by a decrease in :

dopamine

What part of the midbrain is a reflex center that controls movement of the head and eyeballs in response to visual stimuli and the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli?

dorsal tectum

Which root contains only sensory nerve fibers?

dorsal/posterior root

What is the tough outer layer of the meninges?

dura mater

external auditory meatus

ear canal

tympanic membrane

eardrum

Which neurons carry messages from the brain and spinal cord?

efferent

Motor neurons are also called

efferent neurons

An inflammation of the brain is known as:

encephalitis

The nervous system shares in the maintenance of homeostasis with the _________ system.

endocrine

What cells line the cavities of the central nervous system and produce cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

Contains pineal body. Involved in olfactory senses

epithalamus

mixed nerve; controls facial expressions; conveys sensations of taste; parasympathetic controls tear and salivary glands

facial nerve (VII)

Which lobe of the brain is repsonsible for emotions, personality, morality, intellect, and speech?

frontal

Olfactory signals are transmitted to which lobe?

frontal lobe

What condition causes excessive intraocular pressure resulting in the destruction of the retina and atrophy of the optic nerve?

glaucoma

mixed nerve; controls swallowing and senses taste; parasympathetic controls salivary glands

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

folds in the brain

gyri

The gray matter in the spinal cord is found in the posterior, lateral, and anterior:

horns

Farsightedness

hyperopia

motor nerve; controls tongue movements and aids in speech and swallowing

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

What is considered the "brain" of the brain?

hypothalamus

related to homeostasis; controls autonomic nervous system; receives sensory info from internal organs; intermediary between nervous system and endocrine system; controls pituitary gland; controls rage/aggression; controls body temp; contains thirst center; maintains wake/sleep pattern

hypothalamus

Ear bone referred to as the anvil

incus

Tears are produced by which glands?

lacrimal

fissure that separates the right and left halves of the cerebral hemisphere

longitudinal fissure

Ear bone referred to as the hammer

malleus

Which portion of the brain contains the nuclei for vital life functions?

medulla oblongata

consists of ascending and descending tracts that connect the spinal cord and brain; reticular formation, which maintains consciousness and arousal; vasometer center, which regulates blood vessel diameter; cardiac center, which regulates force of contractions and heartbeat; medullary rhythmicity area which adjusts breathing rhythm,

medulla oblongata

Phagocytosis is performed by :

microglia cells

Small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes and cellular debris are called :

microglia cells

contains ventral cerebral peduncles, which convey impulses from cerebral cortex to pons/spinal cord; contains dorsal tectum, which controls eyeball movement and head movement in response to visual and auditory stimuli

midbrain (mesencephalon)

What part of the ear contains the auditory ossicles?

middle ear

The eustachian tube is a connection between what?

middle ear and pharynx

What is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve and cell axons?

multiple sclerosis

Neurons that have several dendrites and one axon are known as :

multipolar neurons

near sightedness

myopia

What is a bundle of nerve fibers located outside the central nervous system?

nerve

The type of nervous tissue that protects and supports the nerve is called "nerve glue" or :

neuroglia

Transmission of nerve impulses across synapses is brought about by the secretion of very low concentrations of chemicals called ________ , which move across the gap.

neurotransmitters

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?

occipital

motor nerve; controls the movements of the eyeball/upper eyelid; parasympathetic function constricts the pupil.

oculomotor nerve (III)

sensory nerve; smell

olfactory nerve (I)

Another name for the sense of smell is:

olfactory sense

The area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as the:

optic nerve

sensory nerve; vision

optic nerve (II)

Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found:

outside the CNS

Taste buds are the sensory structures found on certain:

papillae

Which lobe of the cerebrum receives and interprets pain, touch, heat, cold, and balance impulses?

parietal

The transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain is called the:

pia mater

secretes melatonin

pineal gland

bridge that connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other; helps control breathing

pons varolii

Which area of the spinal cord contains only sensory nerve fibers?

posterior/dorsal root

a condition that is a normal part of aging, commonly occurring during the 40s, and resulting in a decrease in the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision.

presbyopia

What can health care providers learn from analysis of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid?

presence of infection, presence of hemorrhage, elevation of CSF pressure

The opening in the eye for the passage of light is called the:

pupil

An involuntary reaction to an external stimulus is known as a:

reflex

What is the simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the central nervous system for immediate interpretation, and produce a response?

reflex arc

What is NOT a reason to perform a spinal tap?

removal of CSF for donation purposes

innermost layer of the eye

retina

Receptors of the eye that are responsible for low-light vision :

rods

outermost layer of the wall of the eye

sclera

The __________ nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle, thereby causing us to respond or react to changes in our external environment.

somatic

Carrying messages from the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation and the response from the brain to the muscles and glands is a major function of the:

spinal cord

Ear bone referred to as the stirrup

stapes

grooves in the brain

sulci

The ear is adapted to pick up sound waves and transmit them to the auditory center of the brain, located in which lobe?

temporal

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing?

temporal

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

thalamus

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations; fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy; rest and digest; helps body return to normal state

A synapse is :

the space between adjacent neurons through which an impulse is transmitted

mixed nerve; LARGEST of the cranial nerves; controls chewing; delivers impulses for touch/pain/temperature in the teeth and face; (3 branches: maxillary, mandibular, and ophthalmic)

trigeminal nerve (V)

motor nerve; superior oblique; controls movement of the eyeball (turns eye down and out); conveys impulses related to muscle sense; SMALLEST of the cranial nerves.

trochlear nerve (IV)

mixed nerve; controls movement of supplied organs; conveys sensation for supplied organs. (supplies: head, pharynx, bronchus, esophagus, liver, stomach)

vagus nerve (X)

sensory nerve; transmits impulses that deal with equilibrium and hearing

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

fluid in posterior compartment of the eye, located behind the lens

vitreous humor

motor nerve; lateral oblique; turns eye laterally/abduction.

abducens nerve (VI)

The myelin sheath __________ an impulse as it travels along the axon.

accelerates

motor nerve; originates from brainstem/spinal cord; helps control swallowing; controls shoulder movement, turning of the head, and voice production. (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles)

accessory nerve (X!)

What neurons carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord from external receptors?

afferent

fluid in anterior compartment of eye, located in front of lends

aqueous humor

The middle layer, or "spider layer," of the meninges is called:

arachnoid mater

external portion of the ear; outer ear

auricle

The extension of the neuron that carries the messages away from the nerve cell body is the:

axon