CH 11
ASTROCYTES
1. FOUND ONLY IN CNS 2. ANCHOR NEURONS TO CAPILLARIES 3. PICK UP EXCESS K⁺ 4. RECAPTURE RELEASED NEUROTRANSMITTERS 5. HELP FORM BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
OLIGODENDROCYTES
1. INSULATING CELLS IN CNS 2. CYCLOPS-LIKE APPEARANCE 3. WRAP EXTENSIONS AROUND NEURON FIBERS/AXONS TO HELP KEEP IMPULSE CONTINUOUS 4. FORM MYELIN SHEATHS
DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS BIND TO RECEPTORS ON THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON:
1. IT CAUSES OPENING OF POSITIVE ION CHANNELS 2. Na⁺ IONS ENTER RAPIDLY 3. RMP BECOMES MORE POSITIVE (DEPOLARIZATION)
NAME THE 4 TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS.
1. MICROGLIA 2. EPENDYMAL CELLS 3. ASTROCYTES 4. OLIGODENDROCYTES
MICROGLIA
1. MIGRATE TOWARDS INJURED NEURONS 2. SPECIALIZED PHAGOCYTIC CELLS/MACROPHAGES~ DEVOUR MICROBES/DEBRIS FROM DAMAGED NEURONS
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS: 3 TYPES
1. MULTIPOLAR 2. BIPLOAR 3. UNIPOLAR
SCHWANN CELLS
1. NEEDED FOR AXON REGENERATION 2. WRAP AROUND AXONS OF NEURONS IN PNS 3. FORM MYELIN SHEATHS
SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS
1. NERVE FIBERS (AXONS) CONVEY IMPULSES TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS THROUGHOUT BODY -SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS -VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS 2. KEEPS CNS CONSTANTLY UP TO DATE WITH WHAT'S HAPPENING IN/OUT OF BODY
2 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CELLS OF THE CNS
1. NEUROGLIA 2. NEURONS
RAREST TYPE OF NEURON: WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
BIPOLAR CELLS -FOUND IN RETINA AND OLFACTORY NERVE
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DIRECTS ________.
BODY'S INTERNAL PROCESSES
CNS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT?
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
FASCICLE
BUNDLE OF AXONS
NERVE
BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS (AXONS) TRAVELING TOGETHER IN PNS -COMPOSED OF MANY BUNDLES OF AXONS CALLED FASCICLES
TRACT
BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS TOGETHER IN CNS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE PRODUCED IN ______.
CELL BODY OR SYNAPTIC KNOB OF NEURON
CNS MYELIN SHEATHS LACK NEURILEMMAS BECAUSE
CELL EXTENSIONS ARE DOING THE COILING AND THE SQUEEZED OUT CYTOPLASM IS FORCED- NOT PERIPHERALLY- BUT BACK TOWARD THE CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEUS
2 PRINICIPAL PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
THE MAJORITY OF SYNAPSES ARE WHAT TYPE OF SYNAPSE?
CHEMICAL
THE CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COMMUNICATE BY WHAT 2 TYPES OF SIGNALS?
CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED AT ______.
CHEMICAL SYNAPSES
NUCLEI
CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN CNS~ GRAY MATTER
GANGLION
CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN PNS
THIS DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE ENTIRE ORGANISM:
CNS
PNS IS THE COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN _________ AND _________.
CNS AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
SOMATIC MOTOR NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMPOSED OF SOMATIC MOTOR NERVE FIBERS THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES FROM CNS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES -AKA VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
CONSISTS OF VISCERAL MOTOR NERVE FIBERS THAT REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARIDAC MUSCLES, AND GLANDS -AKA INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM
DESCRIBE SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS
CONVEY IMPULSES FROM THE SKIN, SKELETAL MUSCLES & JOINTS
AXOPLASM
CYTOPLASM OF AXON
SHORT, BRANCHED RECEPTIVE EXTENSIONS OF THE NEURON THAT RECEIVE INPUT
DENDRITES
DESCRIBE MOTOR OUTPUT
EFFECTOR ORGANS- MUSCLES AND GLANDS- ARE ACTIVATED TO CAUSE A RESPONSE (MOTOR OUTPUT)
NAME 2 TYPES OF SYNAPSES
ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL
AXON HILLOCK
ENLARGED PART OF CELL BODY
WHEN BOUND TO RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS CAN EITHER ________ OR _________ THE _________.
EXCITE OR INHIBIT THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
AXOLEMMA
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF AXON
NODE OF RANVIER
POINT ON AXON WHERE MYELIN SHEATH IS INTERRUPTED AND AXON IS BARE -ALL VOLTAGE-GATED Na⁺ CHANNELS ARE CONCENTRATED HERE
DEFINE INTEGRATION
PROCESS BY WHICH SENSORY INPUT IS INTERPRETED AND A DECISION IS MADE BASED ON THIS INPUT
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ELICITS _________.
RESPONSES FROM EFFECTORS
INSIDE OF CELL MEMBRANE IS MORE NEGATIVE THAN OUTSIDE THE CELL:
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF -70mV
THE CELL BODY OF A NEURON
SOMA AKA PERIKARYON
PNS CONTAINS _______ AND ______ NERVES.
SPINAL AND CRANIAL NERVES
NEURONS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO __________ AND __________.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
DEFINE NEUROGLIA
SUPPORTING SMALL CELLS THAT SURROUND AND WRAP THE MORE DELICATE NEURONS
THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
IT IS THE JUNCTION BETWEEN ONE NEURON & ANOTHER:
SYNAPSE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE STORED IN ______.
SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN THE SYNAPTIC KNOB
THIS DIVISION OF THE PNS CONDUCTS IMPULSES FROM THE CNS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES:
VOLUNTARY SOMATIC MOTOR
SCHWANN CELLS
WRAP AROUND AXONS RESULTING IN MYELINATED OR UNMYELINATED AXONS -EACH SCHWANN CELL FORMS ONLY ONE SEGMENT/INTERNODE OF THE MYELIN SHEATH
MULTIPOLAR NEURONS
-3 OR MORE PROCESSES -MOST COMMON IN CNS AND PNS -MANY DENDRITES AND 1 AXON -ALL EFFERENT MOTOR NEURONS ARE MULTIPOLAR -INTERNEURONS OF CNS ARE MULTIPOLAR
THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL VARIES FROM _____ TO ______.
-90mV to -40mV
EFFERENT/MOTOR NEURONS
-CARRY INFO FROM CNS TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS
BIPOLAR NEURONS
-CONTAIN 2 OR MORE PROCESSES -1 DENDRITE AND 1 AXON -SENSORY NEURONS FOUND IN RETINA AND OLFACTORY NERVE
UNIPOLAR NEURONS
-PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR NEURONS BECAUSE THEY ORIGINATED AS BIPOLAR -SINGLE FIBER FUNCTIONS AS BOTH DENDRITE AND AXON -MOST SENSORY NEURONS, DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA OF PNS
CNS DICTATES MOTOR OUTPUT BASED ON WHAT?
-REFLEXES -CURRENT CONDITIONS -PAST EXPERIENCE
AFFERENT/SENSORY NEURONS
-USUALLY UNIPOLAR -SEND INFORMATION FROM RECEPTORS TO CNS
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS: 3 TYPES
1. AFFERENT/SENSORY 2. EFFERENT/MOTOR 3. ASSOCIATION OR INTERNEURONS
NEURONS: TRAITS
1. AMITOTIC 2. CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES 3. EXCITABLE
NAME 10 COMPONENTS OF AN AXON
1. AXON HILLOCK 2. AXOPLASM 3. AXOLEMMA 4. AXON TERMINAL 5. TELODENDRIA 6. AXON COLLATERALS 7. SCHWANN CELLS 8. MYELIN SHEATH 9. NODE OF RANVIER 10. NEURILEMMA
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
1. CNS IS THE INTEGRATING AND CONTROL CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. CONSISTS OF -BRAIN -SPINAL CORD
3 DISTINCT TRAITS OF THE SOMA OF A NEURON
1. CONTAIN TYPICAL CELL ORGANELLES IN CYTOPLASM 2. NO CENTRIOLES! 3. ABUNDANT CLUSTERS OF rER /NISSL BODIES
NAME THE 2 TYPES OF NEURON PROCESSES
1. DENDRITES 2. AXONS (NERVE FIBER)
WHAT CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED?
1. DIGESTION IS INHIBITED 2. PUPILS ARE DILATED 3. SWEAT PRODUCTION INCREASES 4. HEART RATE AND RESPIRATION RATE ACCELERATE
DESCRIBE ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES
1. FOUND IN BRAIN 2. ALLOW FOR RAPID TRANSMISSION 3. PROTEIN CONNEXONS (CHANNELS) ALLOW IONS TO FLOW FROM NEURON TO NEURON 4. EX: RAPID EYE MOVEMENT FROM SPINNING CHAIR
EPENDYMAL CELLS
1. FOUND IN CAVITIES OF BRAIN- VENTRICLES 2. CILIATED 3. LINE CAVITIES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 4. CIRCULATE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
1. PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OUTSIDE CNS 2. CONSISTS OF NERVES (BUNDLES OF AXONS) THAT EXTEND FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD: CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES 3. PERIPHERAL NERVES = COMMUNICATION LINES THAT LINK ALL PARTS OF BODY TO CNS
WHAT CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED?
1. PROMOTES DIGESTION 2. CONTRACTS PUPILS 3. BRINGS FUNCTIONS BACK TO NORMAL 4. RETURNS HEART RATE AND RESPIRATION RATE TO NORMAL
NISSL BODIES
1. ROUGH ER OF CELL BODY OF NEURON 2. AKA CHROMATOPHILIC SUBSTANCE
NAME THE 2 GLIAL CELL TYPES FOUND IN THE PNS
1. SCHWANN CELLS 2. SATELLITE CELLS
WHAT ARE THE 3 OVERLAPPING FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
1. SENSORY INPUT 2. INTEGRATION 3. MOTOR OUTPUT
2 SUBDIVISIONS OF PNS
1. SENSORY/AFFERENT 2. MOTOR/EFFERENT
PNS IS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING DIVISIONS:
1. SENSORY/AFFERENT 2. MOTOR/EFFERENT
THE SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF THE PNS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO THESE 2 SUB-SYSTEMS:
1. SOMATIC SENSORY NS 2. VISCERAL SENSORY NS
SATELLITE CELLS
1. SURROUND NEURON CELL BODIES WITHIN GANGLIA FOR SUPPORT 2. HELP CONTROL THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT; COMPARABLE TO ASTROCYTES OF CNS
ANS HAS 2 FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISIONS:
1. SYMPATHETIC 2.PARASYMPATHETIC
NEUROGLIA CELLS: TRAITS
1. THERE ARE 4 IN CNS 2. THERE ARE 2 IN PNS 3. MITOTIC 4. NON-CONDUCTING 5. SUPPORTING CELLS 6. SURROUND NEURONS
DESCRIBE CHEMICAL SYNAPSES
1. THEY RELEASE OR RESPOND TO NEUROTRANSMITTERS 2. BINDING OF NEUROTRANSMITTER TO RECEPTOR CAUSES A PERMEABILITY CHANGE IN POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
MOTOR/EFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS
1. TRANSMITS IMPULSES FROM THE CNS TO EFFECTOR ORGANS- MUSCLES AND GLANDS- TO EFFECT A MOTOR RESPONSE -SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
THE RELEASE OF A NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO THE SYNAPSE IS CAUSED BY ________.
A NERVE IMPULSE
WHAT IS THE VALUE FOR THRESHOLD FOR THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?
A POSITIVE CHANGE OF 20 mV FROM RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (THEREFORE AT ABOUT -50mV)
WHICH SUBDIVISION OF THE PNS IS INVOLVED IN (A) RELAYING THE FEELING OF A "FULL STOMACH" AFTER A MEAL OR (B) CONTRACTING THE MUSCLES TO LIFT YOUR ARM?
A- SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS B- SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
AFTER SENSORY INPUT IS INTERPRETED, THE CNS DICTATES MOTOR OUTPUT BASED ON: 1. REFLEXES 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS 3. PAST EXPERIENCE
ASSOCIATION NEURONS
AKA INTERNEURONS -LINK SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS -99% OF NEURONS ARE ASSOCIATION NEURONS, WHICH ARE MULTIPOLAR NEURONS
NEURILEMMA
AKA NEURON HUSK -PORTION OF SCHWANN CELL CONSISTING OF NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM THAT BULGES JUST EXTERNAL TO MYELIN SHEATH -INCLUDES EXPOSED PART OF PLASMA MEMBRANE OF SCHWANN CELL
AXON TERMINAL
AKA SYNAPTIC KNOB AKA TERMINAL BOUTON -CONTAIN VESICLES WITH NEUROTRANSMITTERS
TELODENDRIA
AKA TERMINAL BRANCHES -PROFUSE BRANCHES AT END OF AXON -CONTAIN AXON TERMINALS
WHAT TYPE OF SYNAPSE IS CONSIDERED RARE?
AN ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
MOST SYNAPSES ARE AXO-__________ OR AXO-___________.
AXODENDRITIC OR AXOSOMATIC
CONDUCTING EXTENSION OF THE NEURON THAT IS ABUNDANT IN ORGANELLES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF NISSL BODIES/ROUGH ER
AXON
TRUE OR FALSE: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MOSTLY NERVOUS TISSUE WHICH IS ACELLULAR.
FALSE: NERVOUS TISSUE IS HIGHLY CELLULAR. LESS THAN 20% OF CNS IS EXTRACELLULAR SPACE AND THEREFORE CELLS ARE DENSELY PACKED AND TIGHTLY INTERTWINED
DEFINE SENSORY INPUT
INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THE MILLIONS OF RECEPTORS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM USED TO MONITOR CHANGES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE BODY
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM LINKS ________ TO ________.
INTERNAL BODY TO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
THIS DIVISION OF THE PNS INNERVATES SMOOTH MUSCLE, AS IN INTERNAL ORGANS, GLANDS, AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
INVOLUNTARY AUTONOMIC AKA VISCERAL MOTOR
THIS NERVOUS SYSTEM IS THE MAIN PLAYER INVOLVED IN HOMEOSTASIS
INVOLUNTARY AUTONOMIC AKA VISCERAL MOTOR
AXON COLLATERALS
LARGE BRANCHES OF AXONS
BOTH DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK TOGETHER TO __________.
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY
DEFINE NERVOUS SYSTEM
MASTER CONTROLLING AND COMMUNICATING SYSTEM OF THE BODY
DEFINE NEURONS
NERVE CELLS THAT ARE EXCITABLE/ARE RESPONSIVE TO STIMULI AND TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
THIS PARTICULAR CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS NEURONS STAY FUNCTIONAL
NEUROGLIA/ GLIAL CELLS
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL TYPES, THIS CELL IS THE LEAST NUMEROUS IN THE HUMAN BODY
NEURONS
DESCRIBE VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS
TRANSMIT IMPULSES FROM THE VISCERAL ORGANS (WITHIN THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY)
