CH 11

ASTROCYTES

1. FOUND ONLY IN CNS 2. ANCHOR NEURONS TO CAPILLARIES 3. PICK UP EXCESS K⁺ 4. RECAPTURE RELEASED NEUROTRANSMITTERS 5. HELP FORM BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

OLIGODENDROCYTES

1. INSULATING CELLS IN CNS 2. CYCLOPS-LIKE APPEARANCE 3. WRAP EXTENSIONS AROUND NEURON FIBERS/AXONS TO HELP KEEP IMPULSE CONTINUOUS 4. FORM MYELIN SHEATHS

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS BIND TO RECEPTORS ON THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON:

1. IT CAUSES OPENING OF POSITIVE ION CHANNELS 2. Na⁺ IONS ENTER RAPIDLY 3. RMP BECOMES MORE POSITIVE (DEPOLARIZATION)

NAME THE 4 TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS.

1. MICROGLIA 2. EPENDYMAL CELLS 3. ASTROCYTES 4. OLIGODENDROCYTES

MICROGLIA

1. MIGRATE TOWARDS INJURED NEURONS 2. SPECIALIZED PHAGOCYTIC CELLS/MACROPHAGES~ DEVOUR MICROBES/DEBRIS FROM DAMAGED NEURONS

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS: 3 TYPES

1. MULTIPOLAR 2. BIPLOAR 3. UNIPOLAR

SCHWANN CELLS

1. NEEDED FOR AXON REGENERATION 2. WRAP AROUND AXONS OF NEURONS IN PNS 3. FORM MYELIN SHEATHS

SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS

1. NERVE FIBERS (AXONS) CONVEY IMPULSES TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS THROUGHOUT BODY -SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS -VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS 2. KEEPS CNS CONSTANTLY UP TO DATE WITH WHAT'S HAPPENING IN/OUT OF BODY

2 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CELLS OF THE CNS

1. NEUROGLIA 2. NEURONS

RAREST TYPE OF NEURON: WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

BIPOLAR CELLS -FOUND IN RETINA AND OLFACTORY NERVE

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DIRECTS ________.

BODY'S INTERNAL PROCESSES

CNS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT?

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

FASCICLE

BUNDLE OF AXONS

NERVE

BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS (AXONS) TRAVELING TOGETHER IN PNS -COMPOSED OF MANY BUNDLES OF AXONS CALLED FASCICLES

TRACT

BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS TOGETHER IN CNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE PRODUCED IN ______.

CELL BODY OR SYNAPTIC KNOB OF NEURON

CNS MYELIN SHEATHS LACK NEURILEMMAS BECAUSE

CELL EXTENSIONS ARE DOING THE COILING AND THE SQUEEZED OUT CYTOPLASM IS FORCED- NOT PERIPHERALLY- BUT BACK TOWARD THE CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEUS

2 PRINICIPAL PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:

CENTRAL PERIPHERAL

THE MAJORITY OF SYNAPSES ARE WHAT TYPE OF SYNAPSE?

CHEMICAL

THE CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COMMUNICATE BY WHAT 2 TYPES OF SIGNALS?

CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL

NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED AT ______.

CHEMICAL SYNAPSES

NUCLEI

CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN CNS~ GRAY MATTER

GANGLION

CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN PNS

THIS DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE ENTIRE ORGANISM:

CNS

PNS IS THE COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN _________ AND _________.

CNS AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

SOMATIC MOTOR NERVOUS SYSTEM

COMPOSED OF SOMATIC MOTOR NERVE FIBERS THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES FROM CNS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES -AKA VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

CONSISTS OF VISCERAL MOTOR NERVE FIBERS THAT REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARIDAC MUSCLES, AND GLANDS -AKA INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

DESCRIBE SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS

CONVEY IMPULSES FROM THE SKIN, SKELETAL MUSCLES & JOINTS

AXOPLASM

CYTOPLASM OF AXON

SHORT, BRANCHED RECEPTIVE EXTENSIONS OF THE NEURON THAT RECEIVE INPUT

DENDRITES

DESCRIBE MOTOR OUTPUT

EFFECTOR ORGANS- MUSCLES AND GLANDS- ARE ACTIVATED TO CAUSE A RESPONSE (MOTOR OUTPUT)

NAME 2 TYPES OF SYNAPSES

ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL

AXON HILLOCK

ENLARGED PART OF CELL BODY

WHEN BOUND TO RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS CAN EITHER ________ OR _________ THE _________.

EXCITE OR INHIBIT THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON

AXOLEMMA

PLASMA MEMBRANE OF AXON

NODE OF RANVIER

POINT ON AXON WHERE MYELIN SHEATH IS INTERRUPTED AND AXON IS BARE -ALL VOLTAGE-GATED Na⁺ CHANNELS ARE CONCENTRATED HERE

DEFINE INTEGRATION

PROCESS BY WHICH SENSORY INPUT IS INTERPRETED AND A DECISION IS MADE BASED ON THIS INPUT

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ELICITS _________.

RESPONSES FROM EFFECTORS

INSIDE OF CELL MEMBRANE IS MORE NEGATIVE THAN OUTSIDE THE CELL:

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF -70mV

THE CELL BODY OF A NEURON

SOMA AKA PERIKARYON

PNS CONTAINS _______ AND ______ NERVES.

SPINAL AND CRANIAL NERVES

NEURONS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO __________ AND __________.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

DEFINE NEUROGLIA

SUPPORTING SMALL CELLS THAT SURROUND AND WRAP THE MORE DELICATE NEURONS

THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC

IT IS THE JUNCTION BETWEEN ONE NEURON & ANOTHER:

SYNAPSE

NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE STORED IN ______.

SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN THE SYNAPTIC KNOB

THIS DIVISION OF THE PNS CONDUCTS IMPULSES FROM THE CNS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES:

VOLUNTARY SOMATIC MOTOR

SCHWANN CELLS

WRAP AROUND AXONS RESULTING IN MYELINATED OR UNMYELINATED AXONS -EACH SCHWANN CELL FORMS ONLY ONE SEGMENT/INTERNODE OF THE MYELIN SHEATH

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

-3 OR MORE PROCESSES -MOST COMMON IN CNS AND PNS -MANY DENDRITES AND 1 AXON -ALL EFFERENT MOTOR NEURONS ARE MULTIPOLAR -INTERNEURONS OF CNS ARE MULTIPOLAR

THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL VARIES FROM _____ TO ______.

-90mV to -40mV

EFFERENT/MOTOR NEURONS

-CARRY INFO FROM CNS TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS

BIPOLAR NEURONS

-CONTAIN 2 OR MORE PROCESSES -1 DENDRITE AND 1 AXON -SENSORY NEURONS FOUND IN RETINA AND OLFACTORY NERVE

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

-PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR NEURONS BECAUSE THEY ORIGINATED AS BIPOLAR -SINGLE FIBER FUNCTIONS AS BOTH DENDRITE AND AXON -MOST SENSORY NEURONS, DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA OF PNS

CNS DICTATES MOTOR OUTPUT BASED ON WHAT?

-REFLEXES -CURRENT CONDITIONS -PAST EXPERIENCE

AFFERENT/SENSORY NEURONS

-USUALLY UNIPOLAR -SEND INFORMATION FROM RECEPTORS TO CNS

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS: 3 TYPES

1. AFFERENT/SENSORY 2. EFFERENT/MOTOR 3. ASSOCIATION OR INTERNEURONS

NEURONS: TRAITS

1. AMITOTIC 2. CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES 3. EXCITABLE

NAME 10 COMPONENTS OF AN AXON

1. AXON HILLOCK 2. AXOPLASM 3. AXOLEMMA 4. AXON TERMINAL 5. TELODENDRIA 6. AXON COLLATERALS 7. SCHWANN CELLS 8. MYELIN SHEATH 9. NODE OF RANVIER 10. NEURILEMMA

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

1. CNS IS THE INTEGRATING AND CONTROL CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. CONSISTS OF -BRAIN -SPINAL CORD

3 DISTINCT TRAITS OF THE SOMA OF A NEURON

1. CONTAIN TYPICAL CELL ORGANELLES IN CYTOPLASM 2. NO CENTRIOLES! 3. ABUNDANT CLUSTERS OF rER /NISSL BODIES

NAME THE 2 TYPES OF NEURON PROCESSES

1. DENDRITES 2. AXONS (NERVE FIBER)

WHAT CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED?

1. DIGESTION IS INHIBITED 2. PUPILS ARE DILATED 3. SWEAT PRODUCTION INCREASES 4. HEART RATE AND RESPIRATION RATE ACCELERATE

DESCRIBE ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES

1. FOUND IN BRAIN 2. ALLOW FOR RAPID TRANSMISSION 3. PROTEIN CONNEXONS (CHANNELS) ALLOW IONS TO FLOW FROM NEURON TO NEURON 4. EX: RAPID EYE MOVEMENT FROM SPINNING CHAIR

EPENDYMAL CELLS

1. FOUND IN CAVITIES OF BRAIN- VENTRICLES 2. CILIATED 3. LINE CAVITIES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 4. CIRCULATE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

1. PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OUTSIDE CNS 2. CONSISTS OF NERVES (BUNDLES OF AXONS) THAT EXTEND FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD: CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES 3. PERIPHERAL NERVES = COMMUNICATION LINES THAT LINK ALL PARTS OF BODY TO CNS

WHAT CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED?

1. PROMOTES DIGESTION 2. CONTRACTS PUPILS 3. BRINGS FUNCTIONS BACK TO NORMAL 4. RETURNS HEART RATE AND RESPIRATION RATE TO NORMAL

NISSL BODIES

1. ROUGH ER OF CELL BODY OF NEURON 2. AKA CHROMATOPHILIC SUBSTANCE

NAME THE 2 GLIAL CELL TYPES FOUND IN THE PNS

1. SCHWANN CELLS 2. SATELLITE CELLS

WHAT ARE THE 3 OVERLAPPING FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

1. SENSORY INPUT 2. INTEGRATION 3. MOTOR OUTPUT

2 SUBDIVISIONS OF PNS

1. SENSORY/AFFERENT 2. MOTOR/EFFERENT

PNS IS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING DIVISIONS:

1. SENSORY/AFFERENT 2. MOTOR/EFFERENT

THE SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF THE PNS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO THESE 2 SUB-SYSTEMS:

1. SOMATIC SENSORY NS 2. VISCERAL SENSORY NS

SATELLITE CELLS

1. SURROUND NEURON CELL BODIES WITHIN GANGLIA FOR SUPPORT 2. HELP CONTROL THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT; COMPARABLE TO ASTROCYTES OF CNS

ANS HAS 2 FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISIONS:

1. SYMPATHETIC 2.PARASYMPATHETIC

NEUROGLIA CELLS: TRAITS

1. THERE ARE 4 IN CNS 2. THERE ARE 2 IN PNS 3. MITOTIC 4. NON-CONDUCTING 5. SUPPORTING CELLS 6. SURROUND NEURONS

DESCRIBE CHEMICAL SYNAPSES

1. THEY RELEASE OR RESPOND TO NEUROTRANSMITTERS 2. BINDING OF NEUROTRANSMITTER TO RECEPTOR CAUSES A PERMEABILITY CHANGE IN POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

MOTOR/EFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS

1. TRANSMITS IMPULSES FROM THE CNS TO EFFECTOR ORGANS- MUSCLES AND GLANDS- TO EFFECT A MOTOR RESPONSE -SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

THE RELEASE OF A NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO THE SYNAPSE IS CAUSED BY ________.

A NERVE IMPULSE

WHAT IS THE VALUE FOR THRESHOLD FOR THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?

A POSITIVE CHANGE OF 20 mV FROM RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (THEREFORE AT ABOUT -50mV)

WHICH SUBDIVISION OF THE PNS IS INVOLVED IN (A) RELAYING THE FEELING OF A "FULL STOMACH" AFTER A MEAL OR (B) CONTRACTING THE MUSCLES TO LIFT YOUR ARM?

A- SENSORY/AFFERENT DIVISION OF PNS B- SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

INTEGRATION

AFTER SENSORY INPUT IS INTERPRETED, THE CNS DICTATES MOTOR OUTPUT BASED ON: 1. REFLEXES 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS 3. PAST EXPERIENCE

ASSOCIATION NEURONS

AKA INTERNEURONS -LINK SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS -99% OF NEURONS ARE ASSOCIATION NEURONS, WHICH ARE MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

NEURILEMMA

AKA NEURON HUSK -PORTION OF SCHWANN CELL CONSISTING OF NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM THAT BULGES JUST EXTERNAL TO MYELIN SHEATH -INCLUDES EXPOSED PART OF PLASMA MEMBRANE OF SCHWANN CELL

AXON TERMINAL

AKA SYNAPTIC KNOB AKA TERMINAL BOUTON -CONTAIN VESICLES WITH NEUROTRANSMITTERS

TELODENDRIA

AKA TERMINAL BRANCHES -PROFUSE BRANCHES AT END OF AXON -CONTAIN AXON TERMINALS

WHAT TYPE OF SYNAPSE IS CONSIDERED RARE?

AN ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

MOST SYNAPSES ARE AXO-__________ OR AXO-___________.

AXODENDRITIC OR AXOSOMATIC

CONDUCTING EXTENSION OF THE NEURON THAT IS ABUNDANT IN ORGANELLES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF NISSL BODIES/ROUGH ER

AXON

TRUE OR FALSE: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MOSTLY NERVOUS TISSUE WHICH IS ACELLULAR.

FALSE: NERVOUS TISSUE IS HIGHLY CELLULAR. LESS THAN 20% OF CNS IS EXTRACELLULAR SPACE AND THEREFORE CELLS ARE DENSELY PACKED AND TIGHTLY INTERTWINED

DEFINE SENSORY INPUT

INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THE MILLIONS OF RECEPTORS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM USED TO MONITOR CHANGES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE BODY

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM LINKS ________ TO ________.

INTERNAL BODY TO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

THIS DIVISION OF THE PNS INNERVATES SMOOTH MUSCLE, AS IN INTERNAL ORGANS, GLANDS, AND CARDIAC MUSCLE

INVOLUNTARY AUTONOMIC AKA VISCERAL MOTOR

THIS NERVOUS SYSTEM IS THE MAIN PLAYER INVOLVED IN HOMEOSTASIS

INVOLUNTARY AUTONOMIC AKA VISCERAL MOTOR

AXON COLLATERALS

LARGE BRANCHES OF AXONS

BOTH DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK TOGETHER TO __________.

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY

DEFINE NERVOUS SYSTEM

MASTER CONTROLLING AND COMMUNICATING SYSTEM OF THE BODY

DEFINE NEURONS

NERVE CELLS THAT ARE EXCITABLE/ARE RESPONSIVE TO STIMULI AND TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

THIS PARTICULAR CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS NEURONS STAY FUNCTIONAL

NEUROGLIA/ GLIAL CELLS

OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL TYPES, THIS CELL IS THE LEAST NUMEROUS IN THE HUMAN BODY

NEURONS

DESCRIBE VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS

TRANSMIT IMPULSES FROM THE VISCERAL ORGANS (WITHIN THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY)