CH 11- Nutrition (Pt 2)

Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme that helps with the breakdown of [blank] and [blank] peroxides.

1- hydrogen, lipid, hydrogen peroxide 2- hydrogen, lipid

What is the upper limit for Vitamin D in infants and children up to the age of 8? Multiple choice question. 4000 IU/day 10,000 IU/day 1000-3000 IU/day

1000-3000 IU/day

What is the Adequate Intake level of vitamin K for men? Multiple choice question. 120 μg/day 25 μg/day 1000 μg/day 400 μg/day

120 μg/day

What is the RDA for vitamin E? Multiple choice question. 1200 mg/day 100 mg/day 200 mg/day 15 mg/day

15 mg/day

What is the current RDA for vitamin D for individuals of age 1 to 70 years? Multiple choice question. 20 μg daily 15 μg daily 10 μg daily

15 μg daily

A person with dark skin may need sun exposure of ____ minutes or more to obtain adequate amounts of vitamin D from the sun. Multiple choice question. 30 5 60 15

30

Using a sunscreen with SPF higher than ____ is beneficial in decreasing skin cancer risk but may prevent adequate vitamin D synthesis. Multiple choice question. 8 4 2

8

What percent of vitamin D is incorporated into micelles in the small intestine? Multiple choice question. 100% 60% 40% 80%

80%

What percentage of our vitamin D needs may be met by the exposure to sunlight? Multiple choice question. 50% 80% 25%

80%

What is the Adequate Intake level of vitamin K for women? Multiple choice question. 1000 μg/day 20 μg/day 400 μg/day 90 μg/day

90 μg/day

Which of the following are possible reasons vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a global health concern? Multiple select question. Clothing that fully covers the body Drinking milk fortified with vitamin D Spending time indoors The use of sunscreen

Clothing that fully covers the body Spending time indoors The use of sunscreen

Supplements with high amounts of zinc can interfere with which of the following? Multiple select question. Copper Folic acid Fiber Iron

Copper Iron

Impaired kidney function can have an impact on the presence of adequate levels of which vitamin stored in the body? Multiple choice question. K A D E

D

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin _____. Multiple choice question. E K D A

D

Vitamin ____ functions as a hormone in maintaining the body's concentration of calcium and phosphorus. Multiple choice question. D K E A

D

While the sun does provide the human body with this vitamin, it is not possible to develop toxicity from overexposure to the sun for vitamin [blank].

D

Excessive intakes of vitamin A and vitamin _____ negatively affect the actions of vitamin K. Multiple choice question. E C B-12 B-6

E

Explain the relationship between vitamin E and vitamin K. Multiple choice question. Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K. Excessive levels of vitamin E will increase the clotting ability of vitamin K. Low levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs. Multiple choice question. USDA EPA FDA DHHS

FDA

Which of the following helped with almost eradicating the epidemic of rickets during the 19th century? Multiple select question. Fruit and vegetable intakes Fortified milk with vitamin D Fortified orange juice with vitamin E Cod liver oil

Fortified milk with vitamin D Cod liver oil

Identify the sources of vitamin K. Multiple select question. Green leafy vegetables Peanuts Broccoli Yellow fruits and vegetables

Green leafy vegetables Broccoli

Vitamin K is carried to cells throughout the body by ____. Multiple choice question. HDL and LDL HDL and plasma LDL and VLDL VLDL and plasma

HDL and LDL

Which of the following are examples of nutrient interactions? Multiple select question. Vitamin K supplements can interfere with iron absorption High intakes of folate can mask the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency Large doses of vitamins A and D can result in toxicity

High intakes of folate can mask the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency Large doses of vitamins A and D can result in toxicity

Which of the following are substances that glutathione peroxidase breaks down? Multiple select question. Hydrogen peroxides Lipid peroxides Oxygen peroxides

Hydrogen peroxides Lipid peroxides

What is the best way to balance the risk of skin cancer from too much sun exposure with the sun exposure we need to produce vitamin D? Multiple choice question. Using a sunscreen whenever there is exposure to strong sunlight Shielding your skin whenever there will be exposure to very strong UV rays. Limiting exposure to 30 to 45 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week Limiting exposure to 10 to 15 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week

Limiting exposure to 10 to 15 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week

Which forms of vitamin K, when consumed in excess, do not cause any harmful effects? Multiple select question. Menadiones Tocopherols Menaquinones Phylloquinones

Menaquinones Phylloquinones

______ are at the highest risk for the vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia. Multiple choice question. Adolescents Older adults Infants

Older adults

______ are at the highest risk for the vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia. Multiple choice question. Infants Older adults Adolescents

Older adults

Which forms of vitamin K, when consumed in excess, do not cause any harmful effects? Multiple select question. Phylloquinones Menadiones Menaquinones Tocopherols

Phylloquinones Menaquinones

The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is _____. Multiple choice question. vitamin E vitamin A vitamin K vitamin D

Vitamin E

Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine? Multiple choice question. Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin C

Vitamin K

Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for vitamin and/or mineral supplementation? Multiple select question. Older adults should consume a synthetic source of pantothenic acid to overcome problems with poor absorption. Women who become pregnant may require iron and folic acid supplementation. All adults should consume a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement. People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement.

Women who become pregnant may require iron and folic acid supplementation. People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement.

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can cause _____. Multiple choice question. a risk of hemorrhage decreased red blood cell production increased visual acuity decreased sperm production

a risk of hemorrhage

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can cause _____. Multiple choice question. a risk of hemorrhage increased visual acuity decreased sperm production decreased red blood cell production

a risk of hemorrhage

Vitamin A is thought to interfere with the _____. Multiple choice question. excretion of vitamin K decrease in the activity of vitamin K absorption of vitamin K

absorption of vitamin K

Vitamin E has 8 naturally occurring compounds known as either tocopherols or tocotrienols, which each have a wide variety of biological __________. Multiple choice question. activity availability

activity

In which body tissue is vitamin E stored? Multiple choice question. adipose tissue muscle tissue liver pancreas

adipose tissue

Factors that affect the conversion of sunlight to vitamin D include _____. Multiple select question. dietary intake of fruits and vegetables age skin color pregnancy immune functionality

age skin color

The vitamin D hormone affects bone metabolism by _____. Multiple select question. stimulating the thyroid hormone aiding in depositing calcium in the bones producing the parathyroid hormone to allow the uptake of calcium regulating absorption of calcium

aiding in depositing calcium in the bones regulating absorption of calcium

The damage caused by free radicals can be decreased by the presence of ______. Multiple choice question. antioxidants amino acids carbohydrates lipids

antioxidants

The use of supplements for the prevention of rickets is advised for _____. Multiple choice question. all children under the age of 5 breastfed infants under a physician's care no one all infants, especially those who are formula fed

breastfed infants under a physician's care

Supplements ______ claim to prevent, treat, or cure a disease. Multiple choice question. can cannot

cannot

In the blood clotting reaction, _______ is added to a glutamic acid in preprothrombin. Multiple choice question. carbon dioxide hydrogen peroxide water sulfur

carbon dioxide

Scientists currently believe that vitamin D may be involved in ______. Multiple choice question. cell cycle regulation the regulation of ATP the control of neuron activity

cell cycle regulation

Vitamin K works to help blood _____. Multiple choice question. reduce the risk of blood clots carry increased levels of oxygen coagulate

coagulate

Vitamin K works to help blood _____. Multiple choice question. reduce the risk of blood clots coagulate carry increased levels of oxygen

coagulate

The amount of vitamin E absorbed depends on the amount [blank] and the absorption of dietary fat.

consumed

Vitamin K is needed for the _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. synthesis of leukocytes conversion of chymotrypsin to trypsin conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin synthesis of blood clotting factors

conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin synthesis of blood clotting factors

Rickets is commonly associated with ______. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. spina bifida cystic fibrosis overactive thyroid glands fat malabsorption

cystic fibrosis fat malabsorption

Individual's consumption of cow's milk has _______ over the past decade. Multiple choice question. remained the same declined increased

declined

The FDA _____ test and monitor the safety of supplements consumed in the United States. Multiple choice question. does closely does not closely

does not closely

The vitamin E content of a food may be decreased by _______. Multiple select question. exposure to sunlight deep-fat frying refrigeration exposure to oxygen

exposure to sunlight deep-fat frying exposure to oxygen

Which of the following are food sources of vitamin D? Multiple select question. fatty fish fortified milk brown rice strawberries

fatty fish fortified milk

Antioxidants function to regulate _____. Multiple choice question. ATP production free radicals cell metabolism cell division

free radicals

Free radicals damage cell membranes because they _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. have unpaired neutrons have unpaired electrons are unstable have unpaired protons

have unpaired electrons are unstable

Vitamin E ______ the damage of cell membranes by free radicals. Multiple choice question. accelerates helps protect against has little effect on

helps protect against

Injection of menadione, a synthetic form of vitamin K, can cause _____. Multiple select question. hemolytic anemia jaundice xerophthalmia osteoporosis

hemolytic anemia jaundice

The current RDA for vitamin D for adults over 70 is ____ the RDA set for individuals from 1 to 70 years of age. Multiple choice question. lower than the same as higher than

higher than

In addition to calcium homeostasis, vitamin D may play a role in _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. controlling body temperature hormone secretion regulating immune function memory recall

hormone secretion regulating immune function

Injection of menadione, a synthetic form of vitamin K, can cause _____. Multiple select question. osteoporosis xerophthalmia jaundice hemolytic anemia

jaundice hemolytic anemia

Risk factors associated with osteomalacia include ____. Multiple select question. overexposure to sunlight long-term breastfeeding kidney disease poor intestinal absorption

kidney disease poor intestinal absorption

Which organ tightly regulates the synthesis of vitamin D3? Multiple choice question. pancreas liver heart kidneys

kidneys

Vitamin E differs from other fat-soluble vitamins in that it does not accumulate in the [blank] , instead approximately 90% of vitamin E is located in the adipose tissue.

liver

A person with dark skin would need a ______ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize the same amount of vitamin D as someone with light skin. Multiple choice question. shorter longer

longer

Under certain conditions it _____ necessary to take a dietary supplement to maintain optimal health. Multiple choice question. may be is almost never is always

may be

A person with dark skin has more of the skin pigment _____. Multiple choice question. melanin biotin keratin renin

melanin

Vitamin D is incorporated into _____ in the small intestine before being absorbed. Multiple choice question. micelles HDL chylomicrons fatty acids

micelles

Vitamin D is incorporated into _____ in the small intestine before being absorbed. Multiple choice question. fatty acids HDL chylomicrons micelles

micelles- lipid molecules that arrange themselves in spherical form in aqueous solutions

The disease associated with a vitamin D deficiency that affects older adults is _____. Multiple choice question. osteoporosis osteomalacia pellagra rickets

osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called _____. Multiple choice question. hemolytic anemia goiter rickets osteomalacia

osteomalacia

The parathyroid gland helps with regulating the synthesis of vitamin D3 by producing the hormone _____. Multiple choice question. glucagon insulin calcitriol parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

Absorption of vitamin E is through _____. Multiple choice question. active transport passive diffusion

passive diffusion

Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include _____. Multiple select question. fish oils plant oils nuts animal fats wheat germ

plant oils nuts wheat germ

Risk factors associated with osteomalacia include ____. Multiple select question. poor intestinal absorption long-term breastfeeding kidney disease overexposure to sunlight

poor intestinal absorption kidney disease

Which three of the following groups of people are at risk of a vitamin E deficiency? Multiple select question. preterm infants vegetarians individuals with Crohn's disease smokers

preterm infants individuals with Crohn's disease smokers

Another function of vitamin K linked to decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______. Multiple choice question. increasing cardiac rhythm preventing calcification in blood vessels decreasing blood clots in bone

preventing calcification in blood vessels

Vitamin D is different from other vitamins in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a _______. Multiple choice question. prohormone lipase nonessential nutrient enzyme

prohormone (precursor of a hormone)

Antioxidants help to reduce cell damage by _____. Multiple choice question. targeting and destroying other cells protecting them from damage from free radicals

protecting them from damage from free radicals

Vitamin K-dependent Gla proteins synthesized in bone include ______. Multiple select question. protein G protein S matrix Gla protein osteocalcin

protein S matrix Gla protein osteocalcin

Structure or function claims are currently allowed on supplement labels, and these claims are not scientifically __________. Multiple choice question. regulated proven true

proven

Structure or function claims are currently allowed on supplement labels, and these claims are not scientifically __________. Multiple choice question. true proven regulated

proven

For a supplement to have the USP designation listed on that product, it must meet the standards for _____. Multiple select question. quality taste packaging purity

quality packaging purity

Overt vitamin E deficiency is _____ in humans. Multiple choice question. rare common

rare

An older individual living in a nursing home may have a _______ level of vitamin D synthesis. Multiple choice question. reduced increased

reduced

An individual with an enlarged head, joints, and rib cage; a deformed pelvis; and bowed legs is suffering from the vitamin deficiency known as __________. Multiple choice question. hemolytic anemia rickets osteomalacia xerophthalmia

rickets

In developed countries, ________ is most commonly associated with fat malabsorption as seen in children with cystic fibrosis. Multiple choice question. goiter rickets osteomalacia scurvy

rickets

Alternative plant-based milk products are typically made from _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. spinach soy almonds rice

soy almonds rice

Vitamin K can be incorporated into the lipoprotein VLDL in the liver for _______. Multiple choice question. release into the bloodstream aiding cell division the synthesis of proteins storage

storage

The RDA for vitamin E for men is _______ the RDA for women. Multiple choice question. higher than the same as lower than

the same as

Infants are given an injection of Vitamin K at birth because _______. Multiple choice question. the bacteria in their intestines destroy the Vitamin K the bacteria in their intestines need an antibody to activate the Vitamin K their intestines lack the necessary bacteria to produce Vitamin K

their intestines lack the necessary bacteria to produce Vitamin K

The amount of sun exposure needed to obtain 80-100% of the vitamin D3 required by the body depends on ____. Multiple select question. time of day geographic location skin color calcium stores

time of day geographic location skin color

The chemical name for 4 of the 8 forms of Vitamin E is ____. Multiple choice question. phospholipids tocopherols isomers

tocopherols

Cod liver oil, sardines, and mackerel are all good sources of _____. Multiple choice question. vitamin D vitamin A vitamin E vitamin K

vitamin D

Which vitamin was discovered when scientists fed chicks a nonfat diet and observed hemorrhages? Multiple choice question. vitamin K vitamin C vitamin D vitamin E

vitamin K

The USP labeling of dietary supplements is _____. Multiple choice question. required by law voluntary

voluntary