Ch 12 - Lymphatic System

precipitation

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called _____.

5,3,4,2,1

Place these leukocytes in order from the most common to the least common: 1) basophil 2) eosinophil 3) lymphocyte 4) monocyte 5) neutrophil

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________.

Label C

The eosinophil is indicated by _____.

Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.

What does fever accomplish?

interferons

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking health cells?

skin and mucous membranes

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

complement fixation

What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?

throat (pharynx)

Where are the tonsils located?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?

T cells

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of _____.

antigens

substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called _____.

Neutrophils

the most numerous of the white blood cells are the _____.

lymphatic system

Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the _____.

acute inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.

Label A

The neutrophil is indicated by _____.

tonsils

The role of the _____ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

Label C

The spleen is indicated by _____.

Label B

The thymus is indicated by ______.

spleen

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?

pathogens

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?

antihistamines

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

thymus

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?

IgE is involved in allergies.

Which statement is true of antibody IgE?

Basophils

Which type of granulocyte releases histamine at sites of inflammation?

Label D

A lymph capillary is indicated by _____.

Label B

A lymph node is indicated by _____.

antigen

A(n) _____ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

The adaptive (specific) defense system _____.

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called _____.

edema

Excess accumulation of fluids, which impairs the exchange of materials with the tissues, is called _____.

helper T cells

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called _____.

Leukopenia

Abnormally low levels white blood cells causes a condition known as _____.

Eosinophils

which type of leukocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes?

xenografts

What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?

haptens

What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?

Diapedesis

What is the name of the process by which white blood cells move in and out of blood vessels?

veins of the blood vascular system

What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

variable or V region

What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?

spleen

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

lymphocytes

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?

interferons

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

helper T cells

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

Cytotoxic T cells

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

bone marrow

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?

IgG

Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?

vaccines

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive __________.

heart

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the _____.

passive immunity

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide _____.

naturally acquired active immunity

Due to a recent respiratory illness from viral infection, Jennifer has now developed _____.

Label D

The Peyer's patches are indicated by _____.

Label C

Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by _____.

lymph nodes

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by _____.

Label E

Blood capillaries are indicated by _____.

The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting. (immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because preparations for this attack have already been made.

Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response.

Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

Explain the origin and pathway of the lymph.

a. Phagocytes such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane barriers. b. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. c. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured.

List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.

Label A

The lymph duct is indicated by _____.

Label D

The lymphocyte is indicated by ________.

Label C

The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by _____.

Label A

The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by _____.

You have likely seen a neutrophil, a type of leukocyte, while looking through the microscope. Neutrophils are granulocytes with a pale pink cytoplasm and fine granules that are difficult to see. Neutrophils have nuclei with three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm.

While looking through microscope in your anatomy lab, you see a cell whose cytoplasm has a pale pink color with fine granules and a tri-lobed deep purple nucleus. Determine what type of cell you see (be specific). Explain why you made this selection.

Granulocytes

White blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei are classified as _____.

a nucleus and most organelles

White blood cells differ from red blood cells because only they contain ________.

Macrophages

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?

The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response

Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances.

The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.

Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins.

cervical lymph nodes

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.

Leukocytosis

Jordan works in a hematology lab and processed a blood report showing 22,000 white blood cells/mm3 of blood for a patient. He suspects this patient has a bacterial infection leading to _____.

Antigen - presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of the antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide for cell-mediated immunity and include help T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory cells

Let's suppose scientists have discovered a new disease that arises when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are not made by the body. How do you think our immune response will be impacted?

The function of lymphatic vessels is to pick up excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood. Excess tissue fluid can accumulate in tissues if not picked up by lymphatic vessels, producing edema (swelling). Lymph from the left arm should ultimately be returned to the thoracic duct, and into the left subclavian vein before being returned to the heart. If lymphatic vessels have been removed from Mona's left arm, the mechanism of picking up and returning escaped fluids to the blood has become impaired.

Mona had some axillary lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels removed from her left arm during a recent surgery. Determine why she experiences edema (swelling) in that arm.

anaphylactic shock

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called _____.

immunocompetent

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.

Label B

The monocytes is indicated by _____.

Label A

The tonsils are indicated by _____.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

The two major groups of white blood cells are _____.