Ch. 12

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the idea of ecological imperialism?

- Cattle introduced by the Spanish reproduce rapidly and degrade the grasslands where they live.

For what reason or reasons did Chinese officials recommend that European visitors should be confined to coastal enclaves like Macao?

- Europeans were cruel and crafty, had superior weapons, and wouldn't obey Chinese - rules.

Most slaves on Brazilian sugar plantations:

- suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

How large was the Spanish force that defeated the Inca emperor Atahualpa?

600 men

Diseases from Eurasia wiped out an estimated _______ of the Native American population during the sixteenth century.

90%

The ruler who expanded Mughal control over much of the Indian subcontinent was

Akbar

Zamindars were tribute collectors in _______.

Aztec Mexico

The Atlantic system included a complex trade network among:

Europe, Africa, and the Americas

When Portuguese mariners established trade routes to West Africa in the fifteenth century, the commodity they were seeking was _______.

Gold

What impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

It enhanced their wealth and might.

What role did the Habsburg family play in sixteenth-century Europe?

It ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Portugal, and their overseas possessions.

Whichofthefollowingtheologianspreachedthedoctrineofpredestination?

Jean Calvin

Why did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade New World silver to China, then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

Mesoamerica and the Andes

Which empire had the largest population in the world during the sixteenth century?

Ming China

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,Chinas major import was

Silver

In the long run, which of the following did not occur in Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

Which of the following was not a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to the warfare that struck Europe between the 1540s and 1648?

The growth of Protestantism led the Catholic Church to call for a new crusade against these unbelievers.

How did the English, French, and Dutch acquire a share of New World wealth during the sixteenth century?

They encouraged privateers to steal it from Spanish shipping.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

What was an encomienda?

a grant from the Spanish crown giving an individual control over Indian labor in exchange for payment of taxes

In the early sixteenth century, life in the Aztec Empire included all of the following except:

a unified nobility that assured internal cohesion despite external pressures.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

b. Silver was used as money.

All of the following were characteristics of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas except:

b. he believed he had discovered new lands.

How did Ottoman officials assist the caravan trade?

by establishing way stations along caravan routes for refreshment and military protection

The introduction of American food crops to Eurasia:

contributed to explosive population growth in Eurasia.

As the Spanish fought against the Aztecs and the Incas, which of the following made the greatest contribution to their overall success?

disease

How did the Protestant Reformation encourage the growth of nationalism in Europe?

encouraging people to identify their religion with their state and language.

What advantage did the English East India Company's royal charter provide?

exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England

Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church was initially motivated by all of the following except:

his belief that everyone could have direct access to the word of God by reading the Bible.

China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries resulted from:

internal improvements and economic growth.

The first European sugar plantations in the Atlantic world were located in _______.

islands off the West African coast

Aztec statehood was organized around:

kinship and clan networks.

Entrepôtcities servedas important hubs for:

long-distance trade networks.

What was Europe's contribution to the Atlantic system?

military power and technology

During the sixteenth century, increased global and local commerce allowed Mughal rulers to:

reform their administration and increase the flow of revenue.

How did the Spanish crown seek to prevent the growth of a powerful colonial aristocracy in the former Inca Empire?

ruling that encomiendas would revert to the crown on the death of their holders, rather than passing to the heirs

Which product succeeded silver as the most valuable export from the Americas?

sugar

What did the Dominican friars believe about the native peoples of the Americas?

that they were equal to Spaniards in the eyes of God

All of the following factors contributed to the success of early Portuguese maritime expansion except:

the creation of joint stock companies to raise money for the voyages.

Why did market activity increase in China during the late sixteenth century?

the greater availability of silver money

All of the following factors contributed to the Spanish victory over the Aztecs except:

the inability of the Aztecs to mount an effective resistance to Spanish attacks.

Native peoples in the Caribbean initially found Europeans strange due to all of the following except:

their skin color

The primary goal of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean was:

to maintain the flow of trade and profit from it by extracting taxes and tributes.