Ch. 13, Ch. 14, Ch. 15, Ch. 16 Bio (Exam)
Which of the following is true of bacterial reproduction
The daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.
Which of these represents an example of a vestigial structure? a. insect and birds wings b. leg bones in whales c. dinosaur clavicles and bird wishbones d. All of these are correct.
b. leg bones in whales
A paleontologist studies ____________________.
fossils
Most of the animals in the hawaiian islands come from the original group that migrated to the islands. They represent an example of
founder effect
A group of Trichechus manatees migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000years ago, and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean. This is an example of
founders effect
A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg, but is unable to penetrate the egg. This is an example of
gametic isolation
An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. This is an example of
gene flow
Because of global travel, a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria arising in China may soon appear in New York. The introduction of the new antibiotic bacteria in NY would be an example of
gene flow
Evolution is more likely to occur in populations separated by geographical barriers because these interrupt
gene flow
Movement of alleles from one population to another is
gene flow
The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's
gene pool
The total collection of all alleles in a population is the
gene pool
Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance is
genetic drift
The long bones of a bat wing are homologous to ___ a. the feathers of a bird. b. the wings of an insect. c. the humerus of a human. d. the fingers of a frog. e. the lower jaw of fish.
c. the humerus of a human
Current day is part of the ___ era.
cenozoic
The mammals flourished during the ____ era.
cenozoic
The origin of humans was during the ____ era.
cenozoic
Natural selection causes
changes in allele frequencies within a population
Plate tectonics influences ___. a. local climate b. distribution of organisms c. evolution of species on land. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Fossils are ______. a. preserved animals of any age b. bones, teeth, or shells c. plant or animal remains that have been filled with sandstone or shale d. any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old
d. any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old
Ecological isolation facilitates speciation by _____________ gene flow
decreasing
The ________________________ was known as the Age of Fishes.
devonian
The dissimilarities of the physical appearance of vertebrate adults can be explained by _________________________ gene expression.
differential
A population of lizards live on an island and has a large range of adult body sizes. A new predator is introduced to the island, and this predator prefers eating only small lizards. What pattern of natural selection would you expect the lizard population to experience as a result of this change in their environment?
directional selection
Antibiotic resistance is an example of which pattern of natural selection?
directional selection
If selection pressures remove all examples of one extreme phenotype from a population, this is
directional selection
MRSA in humans is an example of
directional selection
The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others
directional selection
which of the following contributes to keeping allele frequencies constant in a population?
random mating
A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes. The western lake contains a large, diverse population of a species of minnow. The eastern lake has never been populated by fish. When the channel opened, a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake. Soon after, the stream channel dried up and was never opened again. The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce, building a large population over time. Compared with the fish in the western lake, what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit?
reduced genetic diversity and a change in allelic frequency
_________ selection occurs when both extremes are selected for and both become the dominant form. This can cause two different species to form from the original parent species.
diversifying
Natural selection that favors survival of extreme phenotypes of a population is called
diversifying selection
The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is
diversifying selection
Highest level of classification. The group that contains the majority of species.
domain
What is decreased as a result of stabilizing selection
the range of phenotypic variation
Place the classification levels of species in the correct order from broadest category to most specific.
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Drug-resistant populations of bacterial strains are a result of
drugs or other selective environmental pressures
genetic bottlenecks can be caused by A) flood B) extreme temperatures C) hunting D) overfishing E) all of these
E
Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?
behavorial
Bacteria usually reproduce by
binary fission
The very limited gene pool of wold cheetahs is an example of _____________ effect
bottleneck
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2+2pq+q2=1; 2pq represents the frequency of
heterozygous individuals
Similar structures in different organisms inherited from a common ancestor and have the same embryonic origin are said to be ______________________.
homologous
The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are _______________________structures.
homologous
A mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey. This is an example of _____________ infertility
hybrid
mating between closely related individuals is known as
inbreeding
Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas behind Darwin's theory of natural selection?
individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics to their offspring
The first flowering plants, first true mammals and first true frogs appeared during the ___ period.
jurassic
which of the following increases genetic diversity in populations?
mutations
The differential survival of individuals with specific genotypes in response to environmental change is called
natural selection
If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed: ____________________
vestigial
The order that inclues humans.
primates
Which kingdom contains the highest number of classified species?
animal
The kingdom that includes humans.
animalia
Although this kingdom has the least number of identified and classified species, its diversity is really unknown.
archae
After bacterial asexual reproduction, the daughter cells produced
are identical to each other
A mass extinction caused by a lare asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula occurred during the ____ period which ended the mesozoic era.
crestaceous
What percentage of life on the planet died off during the Permian extinction?
95%
Which of the following people are at the lowest risk of acquiring MRSA?
a computer consultant who works at home
Overprescription of antibiotics and their improper use is a cause of
a rise in drug-resistant bacterial populations
Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity?
losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals
Rank the following in order of least reliable evidence of common ancestry to most reliable. ______ similarity of anatomy ______ similarity of DNA ______ similarity of habitat
1. similarity of habitat 2. similarity of anatomy 3. similarity of DNA
The total number of classified species known to science is rougly ____ million.
1.5
Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck? A) 100 elephants B) 1000 mice C) 103 E. Coli D) 10 cats E) 100 humans
10 cats
There are ___ domains.
3
Every night when you put on your pajamas, you put that day's pants in the laundry basket first, then that day's shirt. You wash all your laundry on Sunday. After undressing on Friday, you realize you left your driver's license in your pants pocket on Wednesday. If each shirt is one layer and each pair of pants is also one layer, how many layers do you have to remove from the laundry basket to find Wednesday's pants? Remove _____ layers, and the pants are layer _____.
5, 6
If a fossil is found on top of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age? _____________________
530 mya
If a fossil is found beneath two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age? ___________________
570 mya
How long ago did dinosaurs go extinct?
65 million years ago
A bacterial strain divides once every 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, a single bacterium can form a total of ________ bacteria
8
The definition of a biological species developed by Ernest Mayr that is still used today. A) organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring. B) organisms with the same number of chromosomes C) individuals within a population. D) organisms that look alike
A
which of the following populations is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions? A) 50 with high allelic diversity. B) 1000 with high allelic diversity. C) 50 with low allelic diversity D) 1000 with low allelic diversitye. E) allelic diversity doesn't matter, only size of population
B
Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of __________ isolation
Behavioral
A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C, lowest on island A, and Island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels. What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by the species?
CBA
The first diverse animal world appeared during the ___ explosion.
Cambrian
The scientist who published "On the origin of species" in 1856 was
Charles Darwin
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only occurs in populations that meet which of the following requirements? A) mutations do not occur B) individuals mate at random C) natural selection does not occur D) all of these
D
Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because: A) They have small land areas that make it easy to monitor populations B) organisms cannot easily move off of islands C) Few organisms can cross long distances to reach isolated islands D) All of these
D
Population genetics is the A) study in the genetic makeup of populations B) study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time C) study of the total collection of alleles in population D) A, B, and C
D
genetic drift may arise due to A) chance B) bottleneck effect C) founder effect D) all of these
D
Allele frequencies of a population can change by A) natural selection B) genetic drift C) mutations in the gene pool D) founder effect E) all of these
E
True or False: The wings of a bird are homologous to the wings of a honeybee.
False
Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving.
A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected. What does this indicate?
Inbreeding is likely occurring.
Two types of fish live in a lake. They are extremely close in size, shape, and body color. How could a scientist determine if they are different species?
Mate them to see if they produce fertile offspring
This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.
Oxygen
the continents wer recognize today used to be one supercontinent called___.
Pangea
The first fossil remains are from this geologic time.
Pre-cambrian
True or false. Comparing amino acid sequences in cytochrome c can determine relatedness among organisms.
True
True or false. Humans do not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and therefore the allele and genotype frequencies are changing. This results in the evolution of the human population.
True
True or false. If the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, and allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, then evolution is not occurring.
True
true or false. The principles of Darwinian evolution operate in today's world.
True
When does speciation occur in sexually reproducing organisms?
When populations can no longer produce fertile offspring
MRSA is caused by
a drug-resistant form of Staphylococcus aureus.
A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to specific insecticides, even though those insecticides were highly effective when they were first introduced. Biologists believe that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because __.
a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed that trait on to their offspring.
Which bacterial phenotype would have the highest fitness. If it were cultured in a medium containing antibiotics
a highly antibiotic-resistant variant
All of the following are tetrapods, EXCEPT. a. ray-finned fishes. b. amphibians. c. reptiles. d. birds. e. mammals.
a. ray-finned fishes.
If all vertebrates have the same genetic sequence for a particular protein, what conclusion can be made? a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor. b. Mutations have made the sequences alike. c. Genetic sequences rarely mutate. d. There is only one functional way to make that protein. e. All living cells have the same genome.
a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor
Which organism would have the most similar DNA to humans? a. chimpanzee b. reptile c. amphibian d. bird e. fish
a. chimpanzee
Phylogeny is the study of___. a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms b. the distribution of living organism on Earth c. classification of living organisms d. the species richness of an ecosystem e. convergent evolution
a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms
Relative dating use________ a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings. b. 14C data of the surrounding. c. radiometric data. d. 14C data of the object being examined. e. ages of known fossils
a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings.
Living in aquatic environments, fish, whales, and lobsters all have a functioning tail fin that enables them to maneuver efficiently. However, phylogenetically, these individual organisms are not closely related. As a result, the tail fin in each organism is likely _______________________structure.
an analogous
Which mutation would most likely be selected against during evolution? a. a mutation in a noncoding region of a gene b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene c. a mutation in a noncoding promoter region d. a mutation in a short tandem repeat region e. a neutral mutation
b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene
Animal fossils usually have these structures. a. legs b. bony skeletons or hard shells c. tails d. scales e. teeth
b. bony skeletons or hard shells
The most direct evidence of evolution comes from ___. a. radiometric dating. b. homologous skeletons. c. mitochondrial DNA. d. similar mating habits.
b. homologous skeletons.
of the taxonomic categories below, whih has the least number of organisms or least inclusive category? a. kingdom b. order c. domain d. phylum e. class
b. order
The fossil record could be improved with more of these. a. whole animal fossils b. transitional fossils c. mold fossils d. mineralized fossils e. trace fossils
b. transitional fossils
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of
bacteria
Antibiotics should only be prescribed for
bacterial infections
Homology in comparative anatomy refers to ___. a. a similar shape and size. b. similarity in size and function. c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor. d. similarity and no common ancestor. e. similarity of structure but not function.
c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor
The father of modern evolutionary theory
charles Darwin
The similarities of vertebrate embryos can be explained by descent from a _____________________.
common ancestor
The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that they share a ___________________________________.
common ancestor
A student who shares a dorm suite and bathroom with seven other students has contracted a skin infection caused by MRSA. Based on what you know about MRSA and about the student, where would you look first for the source of the bacteria?
contaminated used soap and towels
Earth is estimated to be around a. 1-2 million years old b. 3-4 million years old c. 1-2 billion years old d. 4-5 billion years old e. 1-2 trillion years old
d. 4-5 billion years old
The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Chimpanzee - 0 differences; Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences; Yeast - 42 differences. Since similarities in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c parallel the degree of relatedness between these species, this information tells us: a. That humans are more related to pigeons than fruit flies b. That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast c. That humans are more related to chimpanzees than to Rhesus monkeys d. All of the above are correct
d. All of the above are correct
Which does NOT describe the body structure of Tiktaalik? a. It had a long, flat head. b. Gills were present. c. It had sturdy ribs to support the body on land. d. It had jointed fingers and toes. e. Its neck was mobile.
d. It had jointed fingers and toes
A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this? a. Ostriches are not true birds. b. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had wing-like arms and glided among trees. c. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight. d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew. e. Ostriches evolved first, then all other flying birds evolved from ostriches.
d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew
The four-toed ancestor of the modern horse would have been well suited to life in the ____. a. open grasslands. b. desert. c. savannah. d. forest. e. tropics.
d. forest
The "Cambrian explosion" refers to: a. the mass extinction of dinosaurs b. the development of the first true cell c. the origination of life d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals e. none of the above are correct
d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals
A 200-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed. Based on the following results, which is most closely related to humans? a. vertebrates with 45 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA b. vertebrates with 65 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA c. vertebrates with 10 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA e. vertebrates with 44 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA
d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA
In a comparison of DNA between two species, maximum homology and relatedness is indicated if ___. a. 100% of the bases are A, T, G, and C. b. 100% of the amino acids are the same. c. 100% of the noncoding regions are the same. d. 100% of the DNA is the same in the coding region of a gene. e. 100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.
e. 100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.
How old are the oldest known fossils? a. 30-40 million yo b. 400-500 million yo c. 800-900 million yo d. 1-2 billion yo e. 3-4 billion yo
e. 3-4 billion yo
Tiktaalik is an important fossil because it is a(n) ___. a. intermediate fossil. b. transitional fossil. c. link between fish and tetrapods. d. fish with useful terrestrial adaptations. e. All of the above.
e. All of the above
The fossil record is in many cases incomplete because: a. The vast majority of organisms never left a fossil trace b. Many organisms rapidly decomposed after death c. Many organisms were eaten after death d. Many fossils are never discovered because of their location (buried deep in the earth) e. All of the above are correct
e. All of the above are correct
The field of biogeography provides information about ____. a. the geographic location of a speies b. the distribution or range of a species c. the adaptations of a species over time d. the evolutionary history of a species. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800s, a species of above ground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels, where it successfully lived and bred. In the late 1990s, scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species. The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is _____________ succession
ecological
The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to their habitat is: ____________ isolation
ecological
Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as
ecological isolation
Humans belong in which domain?
eukaryote
Changes in individual allele frequencies in a population over time is best referred to as
evolution
An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism's
fitness
the scientific name for every organism consists of the names of the ___ and ___.
genus and species
The ____________________ fish were the intermediates between ray-finned fish and tetrapods.
lobe-finned
Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?
mechanical isolation
Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise, but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell. The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible, leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are re-productively isolated. This is an example of:
mechanical isolation
The cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the ____ era.
mesozoic
The reptiles flourished during the ___ era.
mesozoic
A species of small lizard has three color forms: pale gray, brown, and black. In its original range, the colors of the rocky environment were mixed from pale gray to very dark, and the population had an even mix of all three color forms. The blending of colors with the environment helps the lizards hide from predators. A group of these lizards ended up on an island with all gray rocks, and the island has no predators that eat lizards. What will the lizards look like in 50 years? A. All pale gray B. All black C. All brown D. Mixture of all colors
mixture of all colors
The driving force behind the evolution of horses is ___________.
natural selection
The process of ___________ ___________ was the mechanism Darwin weeding out less fit species
natural selection
____________ ________ is the main mechanism for evolution.
natural selection
members of a(n) ___ are less closely related to each other than members of a class.
phylum
The first organisms on land were
plants
The domain eukarya includes (4 things)
plants, fungi, animals, and protists
The movement of Earth's crust is termed___.
plate tectonics
All of the individuals of a single species living in a single area compose a
population
Evolution occurs at the ________ level as gene frequencies change.
population
The process by which new species originate is called
speciation
members of a(n) ___ are more closely related to each other than members of a genus.
species
what is the smallest level of classification?
species
A thin-shelled crab can more readily move to escape a predator than can a thick-shelled crab, but it is more vulnerable to predators that drill through the shell. Because of these opposing forces, shell thickness for many types of crabs has remained within a narrow range over a long time. This would be an example of _______ selection
stabilizing
Natural selection that favors survival of an intermediate phenotype of a population is called
stabilizing selection
When extreme phenotypes are selected against and disappear, which pattern of natural selection is at work?
stabilizing selection
human birth weight is an example of
stabilizing selection
Two populations exhibit _____________ isolation when they have different mating seasons
temporal
Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges, but no hybrid offspring are produced. Spotted skunks breed in the fall, striped skunks breed in the spring. This is an example of
temporal isolation
True or false. Populations evolve and individuals adapt
true
true or false. The increased rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics is compelling evidence for evolution
true
true or false. individuals adapt which leads to populations evolving
true
Although ostriches use their wings in mating rituals, they are unable to use them to fly. As such, they would be considered ______________________structures.
vestigial
Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are __________________________ characteristics.
vestigial
