CH 13 Managing people and Work
Fletcher met all the goals his manager set him, despite being faced with several obstacles. He won the Employee of the Year award for his diligence. Fletcher is:
high on persistence.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed.
hygiene
According to the expectancy theory, _____ is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcome.
instrumentality
Sandy announces at the morning staff meeting that any employee who increases sales by 15% will receive a 15% commission. According to the expectancy theory, Sandy is promoting _____.
instrumentality
According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual:
is concerned about maintaining good interpersonal relations.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by providing adequate medical benefits and safe working conditions, managers satisfy their employees' _____.
need for safety
When _____ reinforcement is used, people are motivated to perform behaviors because they want to stop receiving or avoid undesired outcomes.
negative
Tracy, an employee at Nationwide Cellular, perceives that her outcome-input ratio is higher than that of her coworker Julia. This is an example of:
overpayment inequity.
As a reward for completing his assignment two weeks ahead of schedule, Scott rewarded himself with a long vacation. The reward is a(n) _____.
self-reinforcer
According to the expectancy theory, the term _____ refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.
valence
A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to the expectancy theory, the manager is working on:
valence.
_____ collapsed the five categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy into three universal categories—existence, relatedness, and growth.
Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory
According to _____ employees will be motivated to perform at a high level and attain their work goals to the extent that high performance and goal attainment allow them to obtain outcomes they desire.
Correct B.F. Skinner's operant condition theory
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs does a company satisfy when it organizes a picnic or holiday party for its employees?
Correct Belongingness needs
Which of the following managers displays prosocially motivated behavior?
Correct Brett, who works hard because he knows that what he does improves the welfare of many people
_____ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to, or in proportion to, their work inputs.
Correct Equity theory
Why is organizational behavior modification criticized?
Correct It can rob people of their individuality, freedom of choice, and creativity if used ineptly.
Which of the following is true of Alderfer's ERG theory?
Correct It states that when people experience need frustration, they focus upon a lower-level need.
Which of the following managers is extrinsically motivated?
Correct Jolie, who works hard because of the promotion she knows that doing so will bring her
Which of the following managers is driven by intrinsic motivation?
Correct Manuela, who works hard because of the sense of satisfaction that doing so gives her
Which of the following is true according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Correct Once a need is satisfied, it ceases to be a source of motivation.
Which of the following forms the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Correct Physiological needs
_____ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors.
Correct Positive
Which of the following is true of valence, according to the expectancy theory?
Correct Providing employees with highly valent outcomes can reduce turnover.
The _____ plan motivates employees to propose and implement cost-cutting strategies because a percentage of the cost savings achieved during the specified time is distributed to the employees.
Correct Scanlon
Which of the following forms the pinnacle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Correct Self-actualization needs
_____ is a person s belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.
Correct Self-efficacy
According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual:
Correct is concerned about maintaining good interpersonal relations.
Harry has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence, even at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with his employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Harry has a:
Correct low need for affiliation and high need for achievement.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is.
Correct motivator
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by providing adequate medical benefits and safe working conditions, managers satisfy their employees' _____.
Correct need for safety
Tracy, an employee at Nationwide Cellular, perceives that her outcome-input ratio is higher than that of her coworker Julia. This is an example of:
Correct overpayment inequity.
Julia perceives that she is working harder than a number of her coworkers and being paid less when compared to them. Julia is likely to be motivated to:
Correct raise her work inputs.
According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by giving his/her employees the opportunity to use their skills and abilities to the fullest extent possible, a manager satisfies their _____.
Correct self-actualization needs
As a reward for completing his assignment two weeks ahead of schedule, Scott rewarded himself with a long vacation. The reward is a(n) _____.
Correct self-reinforcer
A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to the expectancy theory, the manager is working on:
Correct valence.
_____ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to, or in proportion to, their work inputs.
Equity theory
_____ considers how managers can ensure that organizational members focus their inputs in the direction of high performance and the achievement of organizational targets.
Goal-setting theory
Which of the following is true of prosocially motivated behavior?
It is behavior that seeks to improve the well-being of other people.
Which of the following is true of the expectancy theory formulated by Victor H. Vroom?
It states that people are motivated to put effort into their work only if they think that their effort will pay off in high performance.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes satisfy hygiene needs?
Job security
Which of the following managers is extrinsically motivated?
Jolie, who works hard because of the promotion she knows that doing so will bring her
According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?
Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.
Which of the following managers is driven by intrinsic motivation?
Manuela, who works hard because of the sense of satisfaction that doing so gives her
The _____ plan motivates employees to propose and implement cost-cutting strategies because a percentage of the cost savings achieved during the specified time is distributed to the employees.
Scanlon
Which of the following theories proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a person's thoughts and beliefs?
Social learning theory
Which of the following is true of Michael, a manager of stellar performance, who is driven by intrinsic motivation?
The source of his motivation lies with performing his role well and achieving organizational goals.
Which of the following is true of employee stock options?
They are used to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals
In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer differ?
Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that a person can be motivated by needs from multiple levels at a time.
According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence.
achievement
According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people:
believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and ultimately, to the attainment of the desired goals.
The goal-setting theory:
considers how managers can align the input of employees with organizational goals.
The source of _____ motivation lies with the acquisition of material or social rewards.
extrinsic
Michelle has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence. However, she does not wish do to so at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with her employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Michelle has a:
high need for affiliation and high need for achievement.
Carrow is a manager who believes that maintaining control over his employees is more important than maintaining cordial relationships with them. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Carrow has a:
high need for power and low need for affiliation.
Harry has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence, even at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with his employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Harry has a:
low need for affiliation and high need for achievement.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is.
motivator
When an organization bases employees' pay on the number of units each employee produces, it is using a(n) _____.
piece-rate plan
According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others.
power
Julia perceives that she is working harder than a number of her coworkers and being paid less when compared to them. Julia is likely to be motivated to:
raise her work inputs.
According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, as countries become wealthier and have higher standards of living, _____ needs are likely to be the prime motivators of behavior.
self-actualization
Which of the following is true of extrinsic motivation?
Correct The source of motivation is the consequences of the behavior, not the behavior itself.
_____ exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be less than that of a referent.
Correct Underpayment inequity
According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence.
Correct achievement
According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people:
Correct believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and ultimately, to the attainment of the desired goals.
Carrow is a manager who believes that maintaining control over his employees is more important than maintaining cordial relationships with them. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Carrow has a:
Correct high need for power and low need for affiliation.
Fletcher met all the goals his manager set him, despite being faced with several obstacles. He won the Employee of the Year award for his diligence. Fletcher is:
Correct high on persistence.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed.
Correct hygiene
Which of the following forms the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs
_____ is a person s belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.
Self-efficacy
Which of the following is true of extrinsic motivation?
The source of motivation is the consequences of the behavior, not the behavior itself.
_____ exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be less than that of a referent.
Underpayment inequity
_____ proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
According to _____ employees will be motivated to perform at a high level and attain their work goals to the extent that high performance and goal attainment allow them to obtain outcomes they desire.
B.F. Skinner's operant condition theory
In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer resemble each other?
Both theories agree that as lower-level needs become satisfied, people seek to satisfy higher-level needs.
Which of the following managers displays prosocially motivated behavior?
Brett, who works hard because he knows that what he does improves the welfare of many people
According to the expectancy theory, in what way can a manager boost the expectancy levels and motivation of employees?
By expressing confidence in their competence and capability
_____ is central to management because it explains what drives or will drive people to achieve organizational goals.
Motivation
Which of the following is true according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Once a need is satisfied, it ceases to be a source of motivation.
_____ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors.
Positive
Which of the following is true of valence, according to the expectancy theory?
Providing employees with highly valent outcomes can reduce turnover.