CH. 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders

Social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors

Token economy

Lack of interest in or motivation for social interactions; a preference for solitary activities

Asociality

Separation among basic functions of human personality seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

Associative splitting

Disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia

Attenuated psychosis syndrome

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia involves mimicking another person's speech?

Echolalia

Which of the following is supportive of the idea that schizophrenia is related to excess dopamine activity?

Effective antipsychotic drugs are often dopamine antagonists

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia that Andre displayed?

His lack of emotional expression when he talks

How are positive symptoms of schizophrenia best characterized?

They typically represent distortions of reality

In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the lowest for a child?

A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin

An individual who is diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder has symptoms of schizophrenia and which disorder?

A mood disorder

In the video, there was no mention of Andre ever having experienced hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there). Given that Andre meets diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, what can you assume about his experience with hallucinations?

Andre may or may not have experienced hallucinations at any point in the past

Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenia disorders

Anhedonia

Bleuler described the underlying behaviors of schizophrenia as the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next. What did he call this underlying foundation of the disorder?

Associative splitting

According to the concept clip, what type of hallucination is most common?

Auditory

Apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities

Avolition

What is the inability to initiate and persist in activities called?

Avolition

Psychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality (delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusional disorder

Some of the symptoms associated with various psychotic disorders are listed in the following table. Which symptom is clearly present in Max's case?

Delusions

Some of the symptoms associated with various psychotic disorders are listed below. Which symptom is clearly present in Terry's case?

Delusions of being loved by a person of higher status

A diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder requires that an individual demonstrate at least one of the symptoms in which of these groups?

Delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

Latin term meaning "premature loss of mind," an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence

Dementia praecox

Suk, who has a diagnosis schizophrenia, is experiencing an exacerbation of symptoms after running out of medication. Suk bursts into tears when told something funny and recently laughed when told of a loved one's death. Suk is demonstrating which type of symptom?

Disorganized

Style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving a lack of typical logic patterns

Disorganized speech

Least understood symptoms of schizophrenia that include erratic behaviors that affect speech, motor behavior, and emotional reactions

Disorganized symptoms

Certain substances, including methamphetamine and amphetamine, are now known to induce psychotic symptoms in some individuals. Through which neurotransmitter system do the drugs exert this effect?

Dopamine

According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

Double bind

Sherry reports a history of early life adversity, including traumatic experiences such as abuse by her stepfather. What is the relationship between early life adversity and subsequent diagnosis with schizophrenia?

Early life adversity appears to increase the risk of subsequent diagnosis with schizophrenia

Paul is certain that a famous actress, widely known for her beauty and the passionate roles she plays, is in love with him and wants to marry him, even though they have never met. He has written her dozens of times and recently moved to her city and spent most of the last month preparing for their wedding. Paul is most likely experiencing what type of delusion?

Erotomanic delusion

According to the full diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-5 for psychotic disorders (not just the symptoms highlighted in the previous question), Terry appears to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of which type of delusional disorder?

Erotomanic type

Hostility and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder

Expressed emotion

Apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

Flat affect

Two negative symptoms that are particularly common in schizophrenia are diminished emotional expression and a lack of motivation and drive, which are respectively referred to as which of the following?

Flat affect and avolition

Psychotic disturbance in which an individual develops a delusion similar to that of a person with whom he or she shares a close relationship

Folie à deux

Nash's belief that he was the leader of a secret worldwide peace movement is best described as which type of delusion?

Grandeur

Psychotic symptom of a perceptual disturbance in which things are seen or heard or otherwise sensed although they are not real or actually present

Hallucination

The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia state that there has to be significant impairment in some aspect of the person's functioning. Based on the content of the video and the About the Patient information provided about Andre, in what way is his functioning most obviously and significantly impaired?

He is not able to maintain employment

Silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia

Hebephrenia

Which of the following statements most clearly explains why Terry's delusions do not meet the criteria for schizophrenia?

His delusions are not bizarre in nature

Which of the following best describes the false beliefs Terry is experiencing?

His false beliefs have had little impact on his day-to-day behavior

Despite his illness, Nash was able to be a remarkably productive and creative Nobel Prize winning mathematician. Which of Nash's characteristics predicted that he would have a relatively good outcome?

His premorbid functioning

Russell was diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder. Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding his illness or treatment?

His symptoms were induced by overwhelming stress

Based on Max's reported symptoms, how is his condition most likely to develop over the course of the next year?

His symptoms will remit, and he will be able to resume living a normal life

Which approach to the treatment of schizophrenia involves helping the individual become an active participant in treatment?

Illness management and recovery

Display of emotions that are improper for the situation

Inappropriate affect

Which of these responses best describes a communication style that is high in expressed emotion?

It is critical and hostile and reflects emotional overinvolvement

What is the most common complaint reported by people taking antipsychotics?

It makes them drowsy

Morel's use of the term démence précoce for what is now termed schizophrenia reflects which characteristic of schizophrenia?

Its onset during adolescence

In which type of delusional disorder might someone be convinced their lover is cheating on them?

Jealous

Which of the following best describes Max's current state?

Max's bizarre thoughts and actions have been noticed by others, but they haven't had any significant negative impact

Sherry describes her jail experiences in a flat tone of voice. This is consistent with which type of symptoms?

Negative

Less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

Negative symptoms

Ouida, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, constantly smells the odor of decaying flesh, even though those around her do not. As a result, she has become convinced that she is going to be killed by government agents who will leaver her body behind to rot. Which statement accurately describes Ouida's symptoms?

Ouida is experiencing olfactory hallucinations

Person's irrational belief that they are especially important or that others are seeking to harm them

Paranoia

Joshua believes that the government is spying on him and will soon send agents who will abduct him and take him to a facility where he will be subjected to terrifying and painful research. Which type of delusion is Joshua experiencing?

Persecution

Kraepelin believed that two characteristics of schizophrenia, which he termed dementia praecox, were crucial in differentiating it from other mental disorders like what is now termed bipolar disorder. One characteristic was, as the name implies, early age at onset. What was the other?

Poor outcome

Van Gogh's hallucinations are best described as which type of symptom?

Positive

More overt symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

Positive symptoms

Period during which some symptoms appear but before development of full symptoms

Prodromal stage

Term used to characterize many unusual behaviors, although in its strictest sense it usually involves delusions and hallucinations

Psychosis

Most people with schizophrenia go through a 1-to-2-year period before the serious symptoms occur, but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to show themselves. What is this period called?

The prodromal phase

Sherry reports she is on Seroquel, which is classified as one of the newer, or atypical antipsychotics. What is known about the effects of atypical antipsychotics like Seroquel?

They are no more effective or better tolerated than the older drugs

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are sometimes called depressive symptoms

True

Brian Wilson is functioning well and is able, with medication, and a loving, attentive family, to live life with schizoaffective disorder. What is the typical prognosis for individuals with schizoaffective disorder?

About the same as that for individuals with schizophrenia

Toni, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, was brought to a psychiatric emergency room by a concerned family member. Toni is staring vacantly and, when asked questions by staff, speaks in a toneless manner and shows little expression. What is this behavior referred to as?

Affective flattening

Deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia

Alogia

Sherry reports that she has delusions of grandeur. What are delusions?

Beliefs that misrepresent reality

Psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior, but lasting less than one month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor

Brief psychotic disorder

Disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation

Catatonia

Research suggests that maternal exposure to influenza or other viruses during the second trimester may increase risk of schizophrenia in the child by which mechanism?

Damaging the fetal brain

Which policies regarding people with severe persistent mental disorders like schizophrenia have often been poorly planned and result in many former patients becoming homeless?

Deinstitutionalization

Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

Delusion

Condition characterized by hallucinations or delusions that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor

Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

Disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder

Schizoaffective disorder

Devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior

Schizophrenia

According to the full diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-5 for psychotic disorders (not just the symptoms highlighted in the previous question), Max appears to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of which disorder?

Schizophreniform disorder

Disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months

Schizophreniform disorder

According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in his or her offspring

Schizophrenogenic

Psychotic disturbance in which an individual develops a delusion similar to that of a person with whom he or she shares a close relationship

Shared psychotic disorder (folio à deux)

Marcus, who has schizophrenia, has never been a particularly outgoing person, but recently, he has had almost no contact with family and friends and is isolating himself in his apartment. Which negative symptom of schizophrenia is Marcus exhibiting?

Social withdrawal

Psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins

Substance-induced psychotic disorder

A diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires a period of major mood disorder concurrent with which of the following?

Symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, or negative symptoms

Chandler has schizophrenia and, with the help of a wrap-around program that includes psychotherapy, psychosocial support services, and antipsychotic medication, is doing quite well. However, Chandler has recently begun experiencing medication side-effects which involves involuntary chewing, puffing of the cheeks, and a protruding tongue which are very distressing. Which of the following is Chandler experiencing?

Tardive dyskinesia