Ch. 14-19

carbon oxides

(CO2 and CO) Sources include burning fossil fuels, incomplete combustion. Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O; CO2 contributes to global warming. Reduction accomplished by catalytic converters, oxygenated fuel, mass transit (reduction).

plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

-A hybrid electric vehicle that can be recharged by plugging it in to an external source of electric power as well by its on-board engine and generator

incandescent light bulb/heat bulb

-A source of electric light that works by incandescence -An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light -The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in the air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation -Sometimes called electric lamps/arc lamps

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

-The proposed site for permanent storage of high-level nuclear waste, 70 miles northwest of Las Vegas. Critics are concerned about the safety of transporting high-level radioactive waste to the site and the proximity of the site to a volcano and earthquake faults. -controversial as proposed site for permanent storage of high-level nuclear waste, 70-miles northwest of Las Vegas, near volcano and earthquake faults.

direct heating systems

-gas wall heaters, floor heaters, and room heaters. Unlike gas furnaces -do not use ducts to move heated air throughout a home, but rather provide heat directly to the area where they are installed.

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

-treatment for infant diarrhea that involves drinking a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water -a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea

passive smoking

-unintentional inhalation of tobacco smoke -exposure can put one at risk for numerous diseases including: cancer, heart disease, and lung infections -low-birth weight, prematurity, stillbirths, and SIDS have been associated with maternal smoking -smoking in presence of children is associated with development of bronchitis, pneumonia, middle ear infections, and an increase in frequency/severity of asthma attacks

5 choices when resource is economically depleted

1) recycle/reuse 2) less waste 3) use less 4) substitutes 5) do without

risk analysis

1) risk assessment 2) comparative risk analysis 3) risk management 4) risk communication

Dirty Dozen/POP

12 chemicals identified by the Stockholm Convention in 2000 that can accumulate in fatty tissues of humans and other organisms that occupy high trophic levels in food webs.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

13 countries, one of largest businesses, control a lot of current and future oil

nontoxic

15000+ mg/kg water

convergent oceanic-oceanic

2 oceanic plates push together, older plate sub ducts and forms a chain of volcanic islands, ex. Aleutian Islands and Japanese Islands

stratospheric ozone equation

3O2+UV=2O3

minor earthquake

4.0-4.9 on the Richter scale

extremely toxic

5-50 mg/kg heroin

damaging earthquake

5.0-5.9 on the Richter scale

very toxic

50-500 mg/kg codeine

moderately toxic

500-5000 mg/kg DDT

slightly toxic

5000-15000 mg/kg lysol

destructive earthquake

6.0-6.9 on the Richter scale

PCB

6oo chlorine containing organic compounds; stable; nonflammable; oily liquids--> air as vapor; fat soluble (biomagnified); used in many things cause cancer and birth defects persistent tho banned in '77--slow break down in environ

major earthquake

7-7.9

air composition

78% nitrogen 21% oxygen .01-4% water vapor (poles to tropics) .93% Ar .038% Co2 soot, dust, ethane, ozone, N2O

fossil fuel era

82% of our energy coming from nonrenewable oil, natural gas, and coal resources

pure ethanol/E85

85% ethanol fuel used in flexible fuels cars only

Largest earthquake ever recorded

9.5 in Chile in 1960

Supertoxic chemicals

<5 nerve gas

fault/fracture

A break in the earth's crust

photochemical smog (brown air smog)

A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight and cars NO2 gives a reddish-brown coloration irritates eyes and breathing peaks on hot days with many cars Bangkok, LA warm, sunny, dry climates

fuel rods

A cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor

seismograph

A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth

solar cookers

A device which uses sunlight as its energy source. Because they use no fuel and they cost nothing to run, humanitarian organizations are promoting their use worldwide to help slow deforestation and desertification, caused by using wood as fuel for cooking.

biodiesel

A diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), that can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.

infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. multiplies in cells/tissue ex. flu, malaria, HIV

refinery

A factory in which crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring--corrective, less common

Alternating Current (AC)

A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction.

coal

A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material

continental shelf

A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent

tsunami (tidal waves)

A giant wave usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor or sudden up and down movement of ocean floor

power tower

A high-temperature concentrating solar power system in which thousands of mirrors arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower track the sun and focus light on a heat absorber to generate steam, which drives an electrical generator.

ozone

A highly reactive molecule containing three oxygen atoms; a dangerous pollutant in ambient air. In the stratosphere, however, ozone forms an ultraviolet-absorbing shield that protects us from mutagenic radiation.

asbestos

A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause cancer when inhaled. pipe insulation lung disease/cancer

toxicity

A measure of the harmfulness of a substance -- its ability to cause injury, illness, or death to a living organism

biomass

A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region

folded mountain

A mountain that forms as continental crust is compressed and rocks bend into large folds

nonrenewable resource

A natural resource that is not replaced in a human lifespan

rock

A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter

strip mining

A process whereby miners strip away at the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits

hydropower

A resource where falling water turns a turbine in a dam, which is connected to a generator that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy.

rock cycle

A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another has natural minerals needed for life

epidemiological studies

A study that involves large-scale comparisons amoung groups of people, ussually contrasting a group known to have been exposed to some toxicant and a group that has not

immune system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response antibodies

geothermal heat pump

A system that actively moves heat from the underground into a house to warm it or removes heat from a house to cool it

cleaner production

A systematically organized approach to production activities, which has positive effects on the environment. These activities encompass resource use minimization, improved eco-efficiency and source reduction, in order to improve the environmental protection and to reduce risks to living organisms.

physical hazard

A tangible characteristic of property, persons, or operations that tends to increase the frequency or severity of loss.

convergent boundary

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other.

bitumen

A thick, sticky, tar-like heavy oil with a high sulfur content.

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Montreal Protocol (1987)

A treaty put together to cut emissions of CFCs by 35% between 1989 and 2000.

mildew

A type of fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate objects, but does not cause human infections in the salon.

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

volcano

A vent or fissure in the Earth's surface through which magma and gases are expelled

extinct volcano

A volcano that has not erupted for thousands of years and probably will not erupt again.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

Aluminum

Al

ethanol

Alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2. fermentation and distillation of sugars and from waste

multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)

Also known as "environmental illness," a condition whereby individuals experience adverse reactions when exposed to low levels of chemicals found in everyday substances.

Chernobyl Disaster

An accident at a nuclear plant in the Ukraine that released radioactive clouds over Europe full meltdown--explosion blew roof off of reactor building and fire made a radioactive cloud world impacted

Formaldehyde

An air pollutant that is a colorless chemical used to manufacture building materials and many household products, such as particleboard, hardwood plywood paneling, and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation. eye, throat, skin, and lung irritation, nausea and dizziness

fuel cell

An electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

petroleum

Another name for oil

physical weathering

Any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.

ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge)

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, fragile Tundra protected for caribou, fowl and polar bears that is currently closed to oil development, want to open to development but really not enough oil to be worth degrading the ecosystem over

5 most toxic substances

Arsenic Lead Mercury Vinyl chloride ( used o make PVC plastic pipes) PCB's ( banned in the U.S in 1970 - 70% is still in the environment

gold

Au

examples of igneous rock

Basalt, granite, obsidian, scoria.

ethane

C2H6

propane

C3H8

butane

C4H10

ozone depleting chemicals

CFCs Halons Mathyl bromide carbon tetrachloride methyl chloroform hydrogen chloride

output strategy

Capture and store CO2

petrochemicals

Chemicals obtained by refining (distilling) crude oil. They are used as raw materials in manufacturing most industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products.

eruption cloud

Clouds of small tephra (ash) miles above the volcano.

cobalt

Co

energy-efficient diesel car

Common in Europe but emit more air pollution and less fuel efficient than current hybrid cars Can be equipped to run on traditional diesel fuel (petroluem based product) or biodiesel (can be made from plant-based products)

indoor air pollution

Compounds that affect breathing that occur indoors. Examples: woodstove smoke, furnace emissions, formaldehyde, radon, household chemicals

mineral resource

Concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth's crust in a form and amount such that extracting and converting it into useful materials or items is currently or potentially profitable. Mineral resources are classified as metallic (such as iron and tin ores) or nonmetallic (such as fossil fuels, sand, and salt).

coal liquefaction

Conversion of solid coal to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel such as synthetic gasoline or methanol.

coal gasification

Conversion of solid coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG).

glacial periods

Cool periods- more ice volume. Can consist of: less water in the oceans: global sea level fall. 4 periods within the past 400,000 years

chromium

Cr

copper

Cu

nuclear power fuel cycle

Cycle required to produce nuclear power, which includes extracting and processing uranium ore, converting it into nuclear fuel, building and operating the nuclear power plant, safely storing the resulting highly radioactive wastes for thousands of years, dismantling the plant after its useful life (typically 40-60 years), and safely storing the highly radioactive parts for thousands of years.

D-T fusion reaction

Deuterium and Tritium (hydrogen isotopes) into energy and another element

pollution prevention

Device, process, or strategy used to prevent a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or to sharply reduce the amount entering the environment.

Direct Current (DC)

Electric current that flows in only one direction

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Especially dangerous air pollutants, including carcinogens, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, endocrine system disrupters, and other highly toxic compounds.

subsurface mining

Extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource such as coal from a deep underground deposit.

Convergent Continental-Continental

Features: mountain ranges, mountains Example: Himalayas

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

dry deposition

Fine particulate matter and aerosols settling from the atmosphere onto lake and land surfaces during periods with no precipitation, 2-3 days to distribute near source

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

First enacted by Congress in 1975, CAFE regulations are meant to increase the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks sold in the United States. not really doing its job anymore

heliostat

Flat sun-tracking mirrors used to reflect and concentrate the suns' energy onto a central receiver tower.

contour strip mining

Form of surface mining used on hilly or mountainous terrain. A power shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill. An earthmover removes the overburden, and a power shovel extracts the coal. The overburden from each new terrace is dumped onto the one below.

Convergent Oceanic-Continental

Forms a trench, can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

synthetic natural gas (SNG)

Gaseous fuel containing mostly methane produced from solid coal.

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

Gives the citizens the right to know what toxic chemicals are being stored or released in their communities. (Releases HAP emissions also)

metallic minerals

Have shiny surfaces, do not let light shine through them, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.

energy efficiency

How much useful work we get from each unit energy

HCFCs

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons any of a class of inert compounds of carbon, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, chlorine, and fluorine, used in place of chlorofluorocarbons as being somewhat less destructive to the ozone layer. warm the troposphere 10000x more than co2

hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen gas or the chemical mixture of hydrogen and oxygen used to produce electricity generates electricity by reacting hydrogen with oxygen

overburden

Layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit. Surface mining removes this layer.

LED

Light Emitting Diode

lava

Magma that reaches Earth's surface

androgen

Male sex hormone

examples of metamorphic rock

Marble, slate, gneiss.

probability

Mathematical statement about how likely it is that harm comes from a hazard (i.e. 1 in 250 die) estimate of likelihood of event

magnitude

Measure of the energy released during an earthquake

Copenhagen Protocol 1992

Meeting where representatives of 93 countries met in London in 1990 and in Copenhagen, Denmark (1992), and adopted this as an amendment to the Montreal Protocol which accelerated the phasing out of key ozone-depleting chemicals.

manganese

Mn

Molybdenum

Mo

magma

Molten rock beneath the earth's surface

basal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. no metastasizes

Bird Flu/Avian Flu

Most people who have developed symptoms of this disease have had close contact with sick birds. In a few cases, this disease has passed from one person to another.. Mainly found in Asia. Causes fever and abdominal pain, and can be fatal. No cure, vaccine in the works.

malignant Melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. metastasizes

metastasizes

Moves and spreads

photochemical oxidants

NO2, O3, PANs react and oxidize with compounds in the atmosphere and lungs

unconventional natural gas

Natural gas that is more difficult to access and therefore more expensive to extract than "conventional" reserves

"the Saudi Arabia of wind power"

North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Texas (Great Plains States)

Katrina

On August 29th this caused massive amounts of destruction on the gulf coast including over 80 billion dollars in damage. Name the hurricane that ravaged Louisiana in 2005.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Organic compounds that exist as gases in the atmosphere and act as pollutants, some of which are hazardous. hydrocarbons like isoprene, terpenes, methane, benzene, TCE, etc make disease like lukemia and damage immune system, short term sickness to death

interglacial periods

Periods of time lasting thousands of years that are characterized by relatively warm air temps. And high sea levels. alternate with glacial periods.

epicenter

Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus

acid mine drainage

Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Potentially life-threatening viral infection that usually starts with flulike symptoms. severe and highly contagious viral lung infection with high fever; threatened worldwide epidemic in 2003

full-cost pricing

Pricing method that includes the harmful environmental costs of mining and processing minerals in the prices of items

erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

cogeneration/combined heat and power (CHP)

Production of two useful forms of energy, such as high-temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source.

ozone layer "global sunscreen"

Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation. (out 95%) life exists, no sunburn, cataracts, damage to immune system, etc

platinum

Pt

open pit mining

Removing minerals such as gravel, sand, and metal ores by digging them out of the earth's surface and leaving an open pit.

reserves

Resources that have been identified and from which a usable mineral can be extracted profitably at present prices with current mining or extraction technology.

sedimentary rocks

Rocks formed from the weathering, erosion, depostion, and compaction of other rocks

tectonic plates

Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents. a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle

sand

Sio2

particulates

Small particles of dust released into the atmosphere by many natural processes and human activities

micro-hydro generators

Small power generators that can be used in low-level rivers to provide economical power for four to six homes, freeing them from dependence on large utilities and foreign energy supplies.

solar capital

Solar energy from the sun reaching the earth.

kerogen

Solid, waxy mixture of hydrocarbons found in oil shale rock similar to bitumen

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Source: auto exhaust, unvented gas stoves Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone Equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3 Reduction: catalytic converter

superinsulation

Such heavy insulation that heat from direct sunlight, appliances, and human bodies can warm it with little or no need for other heating systems

Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with an irritating odor. About one-third of the SO2 in the atmosphere comes from natural sources as part of the sulfur cycle.The other two thirds come from human sources (mostly combustion of sulfur-containing coal). IN the atmosphere, SO2 can be converted to aerosols which are made up of suspended droplets of sulfuric acid.

passive solar heating system

System that captures sunlight directly within a structure and converts it into low-temperature heat for space heating or for heating water for domestic use without the use of mechanical devices. cheapest way

solar thermal systems

System that uses any of various methods to collect and concentrate solar energy in order to boil water and produce steam for generating electricity. high temperature thermal energy used directly or to make steam

active solar heating system

System that uses solar collectors to capture energy from the sun and store it as heat for space heating and water heating. Liquid or air pumped through the collectors transfers the captured heat to a storage system such as an insulated water tank or rock bed. Pumps or fans then distribute the stored heat or hot water throughout a dwelling as needed.

bioaccumulation

The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.

dose

The amount of substance given at one time.

optimism bias

The belief that bad things happen to other people but not to us

transform boundary

The boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally

divergent boundary

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

weathering

The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface.

surface mining

The extraction of mineral and energy resources near Earth's surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata.

geo-engineering

The intentional manipulation of the global environment to limit global warming

divergent oceanic-oceanic

The landforms formed by this boundary are mid-ocean rigdes. Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Iceland volcano

Clean Air Act of 1970

The law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air.

mantle

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

central vent

The main channel in the neck of a volcano where magma erupts.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

The main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions. Almost all the world's major countries, except the United States, are participants.

focus

The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake

continental crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km thick

green architecture

The practice of designing and building homes with environmental considerations such as energy efficiency, recycling, and conservation of natural resources in mind

reliability

The probability that a component part, equipment, or system will satisfactorily perform its intended function under given circumstances, such as environmental conditions, limitations as to operating time, and frequency and thoroughness of maintenance for a specified period of time.

subduction

The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

smelting

The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements.

chemical weathering

The process in which rock is broken down by changes in its chemical makeup

carbon capture and storage (CCS)

The process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground.

vertical wind shear

The rate of change of horizontal wind speed or direction with altitude.

risk assessment

The scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or to the environment. 1) hazard identification 2) probability of risk 3) consequences of risk

earthquake

The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface.

asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

crust

The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle

depletion time

The time it takes to use a certain fraction, usually 80%, of the known or estimated supply of a nonrenewable resource at an assumed rate of use. Finding and extracting the remaining 20% usually costs more than it is worth.

ore mineral

The valuable mineral, a metallic element, that can be separated from the rock in which it is found.

coolant

The water that is circulated through the condenser from a lake, river, or ocean in order to prevent meltdowns and remove heat

earth tubes

These are being made to naturally cool houses by sticking tubes underground when the earth is cool. (Seasonal Energy-Efficiency Rating as well).

fuelwood crisis

They run out of wood and they harvest it faster than it can be replenished

malaria

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected. fever, chills, sweat, anemia, abdomen pain, etc

materials revolution

This new era of using things like ceramics and plastics are being used in place of minerals and metals. More nanotechnology as well. reduces need for resources, money, and pollution substitutes are not a cure all

tipping point/threshold level

Threshold level at which an environmental problem causes a fundamental and irreversible shift in the behavior of a system.

lyme disease

Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

net energy

Total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users.

Industrial smog (gray-air smog)

Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles. has a gray color due to suspended air particles peaks in winter London and Donora PA

squamous cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules. metastasizes

area strip mining

Type of surface mining used where the terrain is flat. An earthmover strips away the overburden, and a power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit. After removal of the mineral, the trench is filled with overburden, and a new cut is made parallel to the previous one. The process is repeated over the entire site.

General Mining Act of 1872

U.S. law that legalized and promoted mining by private individuals on public lands for just $5 per acre, subject to local customs, with no government oversight. -encourage mineral exploration and mining of hard-rock minerals and development of the west -frozen in 1995 (get rich quick schemes)

clean air act 1956

UK legislation to control smoke pollution

Donora, Pennsylvania Smog Disaster

US biggest air pollution diasaster, 20 dead

compact fluorescent light bulb

Uses 1/4 as much energy to provide the same amount of light as incandescent bulbs.

chemical hazard

When a chemical poses a danger to organisms

biomass plantation

Where large numbers of fast-growing trees (especially cottonwoods, poplars, sycamores and leucaenas), shrubs, and water hyacinths are planted to be burned directly and converted into burnable gas, or fermented into a liquid alcohol fuel. Located on semi-arid land.

Magma reservoir

Where magma is stored

straw bale house

a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye and oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation, or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or "brown" construction projects.

hybrid car

a car with a gasoline engine and an electric motor, each of which can propel it

possibility

a chance that something may happen or be true

mutagens

a chemical that mutates/changes DNA or increases the frequency of changes--> no harm/cancers/disorders HNO2--> stomach cancer from NO2- preservative

carbon monoxide

a colorless, odorless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbon. faulty furnace headache, drowsiness, death

energy conservation

a decrease in energy use based primarily on reducing unnecessary waste of energy

shale oil

a distillate from oil shale that have been crushed and heated.

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified--harmful, more common

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)

a form of tuberculosis that is caused by an organism that is resistant to medication that is used to treat TB incurable must quarantine those who have it in 45 countries and severe threat

dose-response curve (DRC)

a formal graph of a drug's effects (on the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis)

Brownfields

a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.

spoil bank

a hill of loose rock created when the overburden from a new trench is put into the already excavated trench during strip mining

Ecoindustrial evolution

a increased use of Ecoindustrial parks/industrial ecosystems in modern life

smokestacks

a large tall chimney through which combustion gases and smoke can be evacuated

richter scale

a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 used to express the energy released by an earthquake

gravel

a loose aggregation of small water-worn or pounded stones.

gasohol

a mixture of gasoline and ethyl alcohol used as fuel in internal combustion engines (10-23% pure ethanol)

fossil fuels

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

lead

a neurotoxin that is esp. dangerous to kids. has been controlled in many countries but millions of kids still at risk. need to remove lead from things and ban the usage of lead in commercial products and the emission of it in industrial processes

ecological medicine

a new interdisciplinary field devoted to tracking down these unwanted connections between animals and humans

nuclear fusion

a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. (high heat and pressure)

jatropha shrub

a potential source of biodiesel lots of oil with no refining tropical not high input an invasive species

light-water reactor

a reactor that uses natural water as a moderator and coolant, and low-enriched uranium as fuel; the most common type of power reactor currently in use. It must be shut down to change fuel.

ore

a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine

limestone

a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals CaCO3

continental slope

a steep incline of the ocean floor leading down from the edge of the continental shelf

steel

a strong, hard metal made of iron and carbon

emissions trading

a system by which countries and organizations receive permits to produce a specified amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which they may trade with others.

switchgrass

a tall North American grass being developed as a renewable source of energy

poplar

a tall, fast-growing tree of north temperate regions

threshold dose response model

a threshold dosage must be reached before any detectable harmful effects occur

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

suspended particulate matter (SPM)

a variety of solid particles and liquid droplets small and light enough to remain suspended in the air for short to long periods. 62% of SPM comes from natural sources while 38% come from human sources. fine and ultrafine most harmful--> upset throat, damage lungs, mutations from radioactive sources, decrease visibility and damage materials and death

epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. (ebola)

case reports

accounts of a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-related incident or small collection of such events

wet deposition

acidic rain, fog, and snow, 4-14 days to distribute far from source

supply of minerals is dependent on...

actual/potential supply rate used at

"age of wind energy"

age where energy produces three fourths of the world wind-generated power

microbicides

agents that kill microbes; also called germicides

UV-A

aging, suntan, deep into skin, long wavelength, can cause cancer and sunburn

input strategy

aka prevention strategies

three mile ils

america lost coolant partial meltdown expensive cleanup regulations and evac. plan improved reluctant to build more unknown amount of radioactivity released

fuel cells

an electrochemical cell that uses replenishable substances such as hydrogen or oxygen or water to produce electricity

pit

an excavation or cut made at the surface of the ground for the purpose of extracting ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine's life.

methane hydrate

an ice-like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules found under artic permafrost in tundra or under the ocean floor

fissure

an opening; a groove; a split

coal bed methane gas

an unconventional natural gas found in coal beds across the US and Canada, was once a by-product of the coal industry, it is an important source of methane and natural gas

nonthreshold dose-response model

any dosage of a toxic chemical causes harm that increases with the dosage

biological hazard

any living organism or waste of living organism that may contaminate food. Ex. mushrooms, seafood, and meat

cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

biological weathering

any weathering that's caused by the activities of living organisms.

The Big Melt

artic temperatures are increasing 2x faster than rest of world leading to rapid ice melting

cleaner production strategies

audits - including suppliers and waste and energy, policies, certification, environmental impact assessment, life cycle analysis, training, publicising goals and results and monitoring progress

Emergency Core Cooling System

backup for preventing meltdowns of nuclear reactors

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

buildings with poor air quality that affect the health and productivity of those who work, obtain services, or life there Situation in which building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building but no specific illness or cause can be identified. dizziness, headaches, cough, sneeze, flu-like, respiratory, depression, etc

thyroid disrupters

can cause growth, weight, brain and behavioral disorders.

mucus

captures small but not smallest particles and dissolves some gaseous pollutants

flexible fuel car

cars that can use a variety of gases in their engines

tetratogens

cause harm/birth defects to embryo or fetus angel dust, vinyl chloride, PCB's

nontransmissible disease

caused by something other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another; spread slowly and have multiple causes, increasing cause of death with a higher life expectancy

hormonally active agents (HAA)

chemicals that either 1) act like hormones or 2) block the effect of hormones aluminum, DDT,PCB

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)/freons

chemicals used in coolants, solvents, and aerosol cans that damage the ozone layer

ozone thinning

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layers

Oil sands (tar sands)

clay, sand, water and bitumen

world's dirtiest fossil fuel

coal

hardest places hit due to GW and CC

colder climate high elevation limited range limited tolerance coral polar sea coastal wetland high altitude mountains alpine and artic tundra

high grade ore

contains a large concentration of the desired mineral

low grade ore

contains a smaller concentration of the desired mineral

ocean ridge

created at a divergent boundary where the ocean plates spread apart. Magma rises out to form underwater mountains.

bagasse

crushed sugarcane residue used to make ethanol

Emphysema/Chronic Bronchitis

damage to alveoli leading to abnormal dilation of air spaces, decreased lung elasticity, and acute shortness of breath

risk management

decide whether/how to reduce risk to level or what cost. compare to other risks hard for people to do so need to educate people on how to do it properly (esp. reporters) 1) comparative risk analysis 2) risk reduction 3) risk reduction strategy 4) financial commitment

bench

defined as a ledge that forms a single level of operation above which mineral or waste materials are mined back to a bench face. The mineral or waste is removed in successive layers, each of which is a bench.

risk management

determine options and make decisions about reducing/eliminating risks

external geological processes

driven directly or indirectly by energy from the sun (mostly in the form of flowing water and wind) and influenced by gravity, tend to wear down the earth's surface and move matter from one place to another

Influenza virus

easily transmit. body fluids/airborne

corrosive

eating away gradually

electric resistance heating

electricity produced at a nuclear power plant, transported to the home, and converted to heat

commercial energy

energy that is sold in the marketplace mostly nonrenewable resources

Uranium dioxide pellets

enriched uranium ore used as fuel for the reactor

mountain top removal mining

entire mountaintops are blasted off, economically efficient. Used for coal, machines called draglines and dynamite used

photoroltraic cell/solar cell

equipment that has the ability to take energy t=from the sun and store that energy in batteries

"gender benders"

estrogen mimics and hormone blockers can also be called _ because of their possible effects on sexual development and reproduction.

cellulosic ethanol

ethanol produced from the cellulose in plant tissues by treating it with enzymes

bituminous coal (soft coal)

extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content

trench

extremely deep areas in the ocean that are created by a subducting plate

natural gas

flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons, occurring naturally underground (often in association with petroleum) and used as fuel.

biggest viral killers

flu HIV HBV

supply side/hard path

focus on finding and using more nonrenewables (use up supply) scour country for nonrenewable and build more power plants

atmospheric pressure

force per mass per unit area of a column of air

hydrothermal ore deposits

form when superheated, mineral-rich water shoots out of vents in volcanic regions of the ocean floor

Phthalates

found in cosmetics, deodorants, and many plastics used for food packaging, children's toys, and medical devices. Cause kidney & liver damage, cancer, and low sperm counts.

feebate

fuel inefficient vehicles are taxed heavily and resulting revenue would be given to buyers of efficient vehicles as rebates

synthetic fuels

gas or liquid fuels produced from coal or heavy oil

internal geological processes

generated by heat from the earth's interior, typically build up the earth's surface in the form of continental and oceanic crust, including mountains and volcanoes

continental glaciers

glaciers that cover broad, continent-sized areas

fuel assemblies

groups of fuel rods

great earthquake

have magnitudes of 8.0 or higher

nonmetallic minerals

have shiny or dull surfaces, may let light pass through them, and are good insulators of electricity

lifestyle hazards

hazards such as smoking, poor food choices, alcohol, unsafe sex, etc

cultural hazard

hazards such as working conditions, poverty, and crime

internal combustion engine

heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine in chambers or cylinders

geothermal energy

heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth's mantle used for heating/cooling and electricity

geothermal heat pump system

heat/cool by using temperature differences between surface and underground, anywhere Energy efficient and reliable (2nd most compared to superisulation) Environmentally clean Cost effective to heat or cool a space

Anthracite (hard coal)

highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas

risk assessment

identify the hazard and eval. the risks

general electric

in fear of technological competition, they created one of the first corporate laboratories in 1900, increasing corporate research and development labs, but causing a decline in government support in research. This attracted more skillful researchers and decentralized the sources of research funding. will make the US competitive in solar energy market

central receiver system

in some large ones it is called a power tower. huge arrays of computer controlled mirrors called heliostats track the sun and focus sunlight on this central heat collection tower

subduction zone

in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.

biological magnification

increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web

largest loss of life tsunami

indian ocean in 2004, 9.15 magnitude generated waves 100 feet tall with no warning devices in place

Tuberculosis (TB)

infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs; may spread to other organs don't know when sick and can spread developing resistance and spreading in developing nations

Transmissible disease (contagious or communicable disease)

infectious disease that spreads from person to person ex. HIV, TB, measles

risk communication

inform decision makers and public about risk

spoil

is a pile built of accumulated spoil - waste material removed during mining.

Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean)

largest carbon sink

Mnt. Pinatubo

largest eruption volcano

temperature inversion

layer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of warm dense air, pollution in trapped layer may build to harmful levels. Frequent in Los Angeles, California and Mexico City, Mexico.

coal seam

layers of formations of rock containing coal

biomimicry

learning from ecosystems and adapting their characteristics to human and organizational situations-do what nature does

insignificant earthquake

less than 4.0 on the Richter scale

conventional natural gas

lies above most reservoirs of crude oil

Biodiesel/ethanol

liquid biofuels that can replace petroleum-based diesel/gas

pathogen

living organisms that cause disease in another organism (bact. ,virus, parasite)

Lignite (brown coal)

low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas

black lung

lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust

synthetic gasoline

made from coal liquefaction

the main shock

major earthquake

rock mountain installation

making money on energy savings powered on sun partially in the earth of Colorado uses hardly any electricity a home and office space

radon-222

may cause damage to respiratory tissue when inhaled (lung cancer); is product of uranium decay and is an indoor pollutant Naturally occurring colorless and odorless radioactive gas found in some types of soil and rock leaches into homes and can cause cancer when decays into polonium-210

DALYs (disability-adjusted life years)

measure of the total disease burden in a population (in health due to specific disease and injury the sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability a measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability

strategic metallic resources

metals needed for economic and military strength manganese, cobalt, chromium, platinum

phosphate salts

mined and used in inorganic fertilizers and in some detergents

deposit

mineral in rock

liquefied petroleum gas (lpg)

mixture of liquefied propane and butane gas removed from natural gas and used as a fuel

Transform Oceanic-Oceanic

most common type of transform boundary features a fracture or fault in the lithosphere

things melting at rapid pace and could lead us quickly to the ecological tipping point

mountain glaciers gone artic ocean floating ice gone in summers Greenland ice sheet gone

cilia

mucus-covered and hair-like, wave back and forth and transport mucus and pollutants trapped to the throat where expelled

neurotoxins

nat/synth chem. that harm nervous system toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells disabilities, add PCB, arsenic, lead

control rods

neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction and the amount of power made by limiting the number of free neutrons

nitrogen oxides and nitric acid

nitric oxide is a colorless gas that forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temps in automobile engines and coal-burning plants. nitric acid is a component of harmful acid deposition. NO --> photochemical smog.

most expensive forms of renewable energy

nuclear, coal, solar cells

grasshopper effect

occurs when volatile air pollutants are transported by evaporation and winds from tropical and temperate areas though the atmosphere to the earth's polar areas, where they are deposited.

oil reserves

oil deposits that can be extracted profitably at current prices using current technology

oil shale

oily rocks, solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen

manganese modules

on Pacific floor, the most widespread undersea mineral resource-- more expensive to mine

toxic chemical

one that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to humans and animals

OLED organic light-emitting diode

organic light-emitting diode

examples of tectonic plates

pacific, north american, carribbean, eurasian, china, india

peat

partially decayed plant matter found in swamps + bogs not coal low heat content

direct solar energy

perpetually available, varies with latitude, season, time of day, and cloud cover

crude oil (conventional or light oil)

petroleum that has not been processed thick and goey with hydrocarbons

tailings

piles of gangue, which is the waste material that results from mining. Rock and other waste materials removed as impurities when waste mineral material is separated from the metal in an ore.

7 deadliest infectious diseases

pneumonia and flu (b and v) HIV/AIDS (v) diarrheal diseases (b and v) TB (b) malaria (p) Hepatitis B (v) measles (v)

primary pollution

pollutant put directly into the air by human activity, such as soot from smoke

secondary pollution

pollution formed by the reaction of primary pollutants and natural air components

greatest risk for premature death and shorter lifespan

poverty (7-10), gender (men down 7.5 year), lifestyle choices

coal burning power plant

power plant that creates energy from burning coal

hormone blockers

prevent natural hormones from attaching to their target organ

Nanosolar

printed solar cells that make solar energy much more affordable

resource exchange web

process in which the wastes of one manufacturer become raw materials for another

receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

plasmodium

protist that causes malaria

high-level radioactive wastes

radioactive solids, liquids, or gases that give off large amounts of ionizing radiation (rods and assemblies)

comparative risk analysis

ranking risks

climate stabilization wedges

reduce CO2 emission by implementing 15 different methods Robert Socolow & Stephen Pacala plants act as a repositories of carbon, slow build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide, thus contributing to climate stabilization

demand side/soft path

reduce waste, increase efficiency, depend on renewable (reduce demand, better) decrease energy waste and depend on renewable resources more sustainable

persistence

resistance to breakdown

two things that determine surface mining

resource being mined and topography

decommissioned

retired

living roofs or green roofs

roofs covered with plants, have been used for decades in Germany, Iceland, etc. save energy and preserve biodiversity

Examples of sedimentary rocks

sandstone, shale, limestone

refining

separation by boiling point along distillation column into many varied products lowers net energy yeild

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

amplitude

size of a wave when it hits seismograph

foreshocks

small earthquakes that come before a major earthquakes

aftershocks

smaller quakes produced after a major quake caused by rocks shifting to new positions

second fastest growing source of renewable energy

solar cell

"lock and key relationship"

specific neurotransmitters fit specific receptors

West Nile Virus

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

standard followed by the EPA to specify concentration limits for each air pollutant criteria pollutants: CO, NOx, So2, PM-10, O3, Pb Limits: Primary standard: human health Secondary standard: environmental and property

water-filled pools, dry casks

storage of radioactive spent fuel rod assemblies fuel assemblies stay in when out of reactor for refueling or maintenence

toxicology

study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts

research and development subsidies (R&D)

subsidies given to encourage research and development in a given field currently encourage waste and discourages improvement

carcinogens

substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer arsenic, benezene, formaldehyde

photochemical ozone

surface ozone

system reliability (%) equation

technological reliability x human reliability

supply and demand

the amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

lava flow

the area covered by lava as it pours out of a volcano's vent

ozone hole

the area of lowered ozone concentration over Antarctica

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream control things like learning, behavior, etc

World Green Building Council (WGBC)

the council that does green building certifications

mass wasting

the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity

continental rise

the gently sloping section of the continental margin located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain

highwall

the highly erodible wall of dirt that is left after contour strip mining

Chernobyl necklace

the horizontal scar left on the base of the neck after a surgery to remove a thyroid cancer caused by fallout from a nuclear accident

reactor

the part of a nuclear reactor where nuclear fission occurs

magma conduit

the pipe or vent at the heart of a volcano where material wells up from beneath the surface.

LD50

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin.

oceanic crust

the portion of Earth's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental areas, thinner and higher in density that continental crust and basaltic rather than granitic in composition; younger crust

air pollution

the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in concentrations high enough to harm organisms, ecosystems, or human-made materials, or to alter climate

dust mites

the primary cause of asthma and allergies. They feed on your dead skin and then when they leave their droppings behind, your allergies set in.

risk

the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.

global cooling

the process in which the atmospheric temperature decreases due to increase amounts of dust particles from combustion of fossil fuels

biomining

the process of removing desired metals from ores while leaving the surrounding environment undisturbed use bacteria on low-grade ores

net energy ratio

the ratio of the useful energy produced to the useful energy used to produce it

lithosphere

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle; where tectonic plates are

geology

the study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth; study of processes on surface and interior

mantle convection currents

the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement in Earth Mantle. Believed to be the driving force of plate tectonics.

anopheles mosquito

the vector for malaria

abyssal floor

the wide flat deep ocean floor

containment shell

thick, steel-reinforced concrete walls surrounds the reactor core to keep radioactive materials from escaping into the environment

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood fine and ultrafine particles become trapped here, leading to breathing difficulties

aerosols/light-colored sulfate

tiny solid particles or liquid droplets that remain suspended in the atmosphere for a long time reflects sunlight and serves as condensation nuclei thereby cooling the atmosphere and forming cooling clouds

most dangerous indoor air pollutants

tobacco smoke formaldehyde radioactive radon-222 gas very small particles

cap and trade system

total number of emissions is capped and producers must buy licence to emit greenhouse gasses

antimalarial drugs

treat malaria

hydrothermal reservoirs

underground zones of porous rock containing hot water and steam, and can be naturally occurring or human-made deeper wells to extract dry steam/wet steam/hot water for buildings, turbines, farms; pump back in for reheat

soybean

used as a source for biodiesel and food products

rapeseed

used to make biodiesel and has an unfortunate name

in situ mining/in place

used to remove soluble material. holes drilled into rock deposits and water is injected into the drill holes to dissolve the salt

fuel unit

uses fuel cell technology to make electricity in the home

decoupling

utility profits disconnected from the amount of electricity sold to the amount of energy conserved utilized in California to great affect

high-octane

very exciting or intense

abyssal plain

very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise

seismic waves

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood

soot/black carbon PM

warm the lower atmosphere (PM)

gangue

waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used

UV-B

wavelength of ultraviolet radiation that is known to cause skin cancer and cataracts as well as harm to plant cells and their ability to photosynthesize upon exposure

oil production peak

when demand is higher than the amount produced and the flow rate to customers decreases. The prices increase

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

liquefied natural gas (LNG)

when natural gas is liquefied at a high pressure at a very low temperature in order to transport it in refrigerated tankers to convert it back to its natural state to be distributed by pipeline.

economically depleted

when the cost of extracting and using the resource exceeds its economic value.

ecoindustrial park or industrial ecosystem

where an electric power plant, industry, farms, and homes collaborate to save money and reduce their outputs of waste and pollution. They exchange waste outputs and convert them into resources.

hot dry rock

where molten rock has penetrated the earth's crust and heats the subsurface rocks to high temperatures water into a deep well that is pressurized to create fractures in hot rock to create a reservoir of hot geothermal fluid that can be used as boiling water/steam to create electricity

fastest growing source of renewable energy

wind

indirect solar energy

wind power(air masses heated), biomass energy (converted to chemical energy and stored), hydropower (kept liquid and flowing)

cheapest forms of renewable energy

wind, geothermal, hydropower

methanol

wood alcohol, made from coal liquefaction

smoking

world's most preventable major cause of suffering and premature death among adults

pandemic

worldwide epidemic (AIDS, COVID)

LEED Program (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

worldwide, green building rating system, silver-->gold-->platinum

mnt. st. helens

worst damage volcano